मण्डल
Pali
editAlternative forms
editAlternative scripts
Noun
editमण्डल n
- circle
- disc
- round platform
- circus ring
- round flat surface
Declension
editDeclension table of "मण्डल" (neuter)
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | मण्डलं (maṇḍalaṃ) | मण्डलानि (maṇḍalāni) |
Accusative (second) | मण्डलं (maṇḍalaṃ) | मण्डलानि (maṇḍalāni) |
Instrumental (third) | मण्डलेन (maṇḍalena) | मण्डलेहि (maṇḍalehi) or मण्डलेभि (maṇḍalebhi) |
Dative (fourth) | मण्डलस्स (maṇḍalassa) or मण्डलाय (maṇḍalāya) or मण्डलत्थं (maṇḍalatthaṃ) | मण्डलानं (maṇḍalānaṃ) |
Ablative (fifth) | मण्डलस्मा (maṇḍalasmā) or मण्डलम्हा (maṇḍalamhā) or मण्डला (maṇḍalā) | मण्डलेहि (maṇḍalehi) or मण्डलेभि (maṇḍalebhi) |
Genitive (sixth) | मण्डलस्स (maṇḍalassa) | मण्डलानं (maṇḍalānaṃ) |
Locative (seventh) | मण्डलस्मिं (maṇḍalasmiṃ) or मण्डलम्हि (maṇḍalamhi) or मण्डले (maṇḍale) | मण्डलेसु (maṇḍalesu) |
Vocative (calling) | मण्डल (maṇḍala) | मण्डलानि (maṇḍalāni) |
Sanskrit
editAlternative scripts
editAlternative scripts
- মণ্ডল (Assamese script)
- ᬫᬡ᭄ᬟᬮ (Balinese script)
- মণ্ডল (Bengali script)
- 𑰦𑰜𑰿𑰚𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀫𑀡𑁆𑀟𑀮 (Brahmi script)
- မဏ္ဍလ (Burmese script)
- મણ્ડલ (Gujarati script)
- ਮਣ੍ਡਲ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌮𑌣𑍍𑌡𑌲 (Grantha script)
- ꦩꦟ꧀ꦝꦭ (Javanese script)
- 𑂧𑂝𑂹𑂙𑂪 (Kaithi script)
- ಮಣ್ಡಲ (Kannada script)
- មណ្ឌល (Khmer script)
- ມຓ຺ຑລ (Lao script)
- മണ്ഡല (Malayalam script)
- ᠮᠠᢏᡷᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘦𑘜𑘿𑘚𑘩 (Modi script)
- ᠮᠠᢏᢎᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧆𑦼𑧠𑦺𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐩𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐮 (Newa script)
- ମଣ୍ଡଲ (Odia script)
- ꢪꢠ꣄ꢞꢭ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆩𑆟𑇀𑆝𑆬 (Sharada script)
- 𑖦𑖜𑖿𑖚𑖩 (Siddham script)
- මණ්ඩල (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩴𑩪 𑪙𑩨𑩽 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚥 (Takri script)
- மண்ட³ல (Tamil script)
- మణ్డల (Telugu script)
- มณฺฑล (Thai script)
- མ་ཎྜ་ལ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒧𑒝𑓂𑒛𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨢𑨘𑩇𑨖𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
editUnknown. Several theories have been proposed:
- Mayrhofer and Turner agree on *मण्ड (maṇḍa, “round”) + -ल (-la), based on the lexeme found in the Classical compounds नौमण्ड (naumaṇḍa, “chief part of a ship”), मण्डचरवन्त् (maṇḍacaravant, “as if going in a circle; having a noose (?)”).[1][2] Further etymology is unknown, but Dardic descendants may support a non-retroflexed *मन्द (manda) as the ultimate source.
- Mayrhofer proposes the following Indo-European cognates: Proto-Slavic *mǫdo (“testicle”) if the retroflexion is spontaneous, or Old Irish mell (“ball”) (> modern Irish meall) if we assume l-induced retroflexion of *mel-nd- under Fortunatov's law.[3]
- Burrow, later supported by Turner, proposes borrowing from Proto-Dravidian *maṇḍ- (“to be bent”), with cognates Tamil மண்டி (maṇṭi, “kneeling”), முடலை (muṭalai, “ball, globe”).[4]
- Tedesco proposes वृत्त (vṛtta, “round”) + -ल (-la), undergoing Prakrit-like sound changes via ad-hoc intermediate *वट्टल (vaṭṭala) > *वण्टल (vaṇṭala) > *वण्डल (vaṇḍala).[5] He furthermore proposes initial v- > m- as a common Middle Indo-Aryan sound change; see मुण्ड (muṇḍa, “bald”) for more. Turner rejects this etymology on phonological grounds.[2]
- Borrowed from substrate language. Compare Nihali मौड्ढारी (moḍḍhārī, “triangle”), for the "triangle" sense in the Caturvargacintāmaṇi.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editमण्डल • (máṇḍala) stem
- circular, round
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā
Declension
editMasculine a-stem declension of मण्डल (máṇḍala) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | मण्डलः máṇḍalaḥ |
मण्डलौ / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalau / máṇḍalā¹ |
मण्डलाः / मण्डलासः¹ máṇḍalāḥ / máṇḍalāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | मण्डल máṇḍala |
मण्डलौ / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalau / máṇḍalā¹ |
मण्डलाः / मण्डलासः¹ máṇḍalāḥ / máṇḍalāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | मण्डलम् máṇḍalam |
मण्डलौ / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalau / máṇḍalā¹ |
मण्डलान् máṇḍalān |
Instrumental | मण्डलेन máṇḍalena |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलैः / मण्डलेभिः¹ máṇḍalaiḥ / máṇḍalebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | मण्डलाय máṇḍalāya |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलेभ्यः máṇḍalebhyaḥ |
Ablative | मण्डलात् máṇḍalāt |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलेभ्यः máṇḍalebhyaḥ |
Genitive | मण्डलस्य máṇḍalasya |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलानाम् máṇḍalānām |
Locative | मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलेषु máṇḍaleṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ā-stem declension of मण्डला (máṇḍalā) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | मण्डला máṇḍalā |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलाः máṇḍalāḥ |
Vocative | मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलाः máṇḍalāḥ |
Accusative | मण्डलाम् máṇḍalām |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलाः máṇḍalāḥ |
Instrumental | मण्डलया / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalayā / máṇḍalā¹ |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलाभिः máṇḍalābhiḥ |
Dative | मण्डलायै máṇḍalāyai |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलाभ्यः máṇḍalābhyaḥ |
Ablative | मण्डलायाः / मण्डलायै² máṇḍalāyāḥ / máṇḍalāyai² |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलाभ्यः máṇḍalābhyaḥ |
Genitive | मण्डलायाः / मण्डलायै² máṇḍalāyāḥ / máṇḍalāyai² |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलानाम् máṇḍalānām |
Locative | मण्डलायाम् máṇḍalāyām |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलासु máṇḍalāsu |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of मण्डल (máṇḍala) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | मण्डलम् máṇḍalam |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलानि / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalāni / máṇḍalā¹ |
Vocative | मण्डल máṇḍala |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलानि / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalāni / máṇḍalā¹ |
Accusative | मण्डलम् máṇḍalam |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलानि / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalāni / máṇḍalā¹ |
Instrumental | मण्डलेन máṇḍalena |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलैः / मण्डलेभिः¹ máṇḍalaiḥ / máṇḍalebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | मण्डलाय máṇḍalāya |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलेभ्यः máṇḍalebhyaḥ |
Ablative | मण्डलात् máṇḍalāt |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलेभ्यः máṇḍalebhyaḥ |
Genitive | मण्डलस्य máṇḍalasya |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलानाम् máṇḍalānām |
Locative | मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलेषु máṇḍaleṣu |
Notes |
|
Noun
editमण्डल • (máṇḍala) stem, n
- (rarely m) disk (especially of the sun or moon)
- anything round
- circle, globe, orb, ring, circumference, ball, wheel
- मण्डलेन ― maṇḍalena ― in a circle
- (astronomy) the path or orbit of a heavenly body
- a halo round the sun or moon
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā
- a ball used for playing
- (surgery) circular bandage
- (also in the plural) a sort of cutaneous eruption or leprosy with circular spot
- round mole or mark (caused by a fingernail etc.) on the body
- Lāṭyāyana, Lāṭyāyana-śrauta-sūtra
- (military) circular array of troops
- Kām
- (geography) district, arrondissement, territory, province, country
- mandala (a surrounding district or neighbouring state; the circle consisting of a ruler's near and distant neighbours)
- Yājñ
- a multitude, group, band, collection, whole body, society, company
- mandala (division of the book of the Rigveda)
Usage notes
editIn Hemādri's Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi also applied to anything triangular; compare मण्डलक (maṇḍalaka).
Declension
editNeuter a-stem declension of मण्डल (máṇḍala) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | मण्डलम् máṇḍalam |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलानि / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalāni / máṇḍalā¹ |
Vocative | मण्डल máṇḍala |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलानि / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalāni / máṇḍalā¹ |
Accusative | मण्डलम् máṇḍalam |
मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलानि / मण्डला¹ máṇḍalāni / máṇḍalā¹ |
Instrumental | मण्डलेन máṇḍalena |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलैः / मण्डलेभिः¹ máṇḍalaiḥ / máṇḍalebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | मण्डलाय máṇḍalāya |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलेभ्यः máṇḍalebhyaḥ |
Ablative | मण्डलात् máṇḍalāt |
मण्डलाभ्याम् máṇḍalābhyām |
मण्डलेभ्यः máṇḍalebhyaḥ |
Genitive | मण्डलस्य máṇḍalasya |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलानाम् máṇḍalānām |
Locative | मण्डले máṇḍale |
मण्डलयोः máṇḍalayoḥ |
मण्डलेषु máṇḍaleṣu |
Notes |
|
Derived terms
edit- मण्डलिन् (maṇḍalin, “chief, leader”, literally “possessor of the territory”)
Descendants
edit- Dardic:
- Pali: maṇḍala
- Prakrit: 𑀫𑀁𑀟𑀮 (maṃḍala) (see there for further descendants)
- → Bengali: মণ্ডল (monḍol) (learned)
- → Hindi: मंडल (maṇḍal) (learned)
- → Old Javanese: maṇḍala
- → Punjabi: ਮੰਡਲ (maṇḍal) (learned)
- → Tamil: மண்டலம் (maṇṭalam) (learned)
- → Thai: มณฑล (mon-ton)
References
edit- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “máṇḍala”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 294
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “máṇḍala”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 559
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) “máṇḍalaḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 559
- ^ Burrow, T[homas] (1948) “Dravidian Studies VII: Further Dravidian words in Sanskrit”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London[3], volume 12, number 2, page 389 of 365–396
- ^ Tedesco, P[aul Maximilian] (1945) “Sanskrit muṇḍa- 'shaven'”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[4], volume 65, number 2, American Oriental Society, page 84 of 82–98
Further reading
edit- Monier Williams (1899) “मण्डल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0775.
Categories:
- Pali lemmas
- Pali nouns
- Pali nouns in Devanagari script
- Pali neuter nouns
- Sanskrit terms with unknown etymologies
- Sanskrit terms suffixed with -ल
- Sanskrit terms borrowed from Proto-Dravidian
- Sanskrit terms derived from Proto-Dravidian
- Sanskrit terms borrowed from substrate languages
- Sanskrit terms derived from substrate languages
- Sanskrit terms with IPA pronunciation
- Sanskrit lemmas
- Sanskrit adjectives
- Sanskrit adjectives in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit nouns
- Sanskrit nouns in Devanagari script
- Sanskrit neuter nouns
- sa:Shapes
- Sanskrit terms with usage examples
- sa:Astronomy
- sa:Atmospheric phenomena
- sa:Toys
- sa:Medical equipment
- sa:Surgery
- sa:Medical signs and symptoms
- sa:Military
- sa:Administrative divisions
- sa:Geography
- sa:Collectives
- Sanskrit a-stem nouns