Japanese

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Kanji in this term
くだ
Grade: 1

Etymology 1

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Paradigmatic shift of (くだ)さる (kudasaru) from the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, lower bigrade conjugation) to the 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, quadrigrade conjugation).[1]

First attested in 歌舞伎 (kabuki) from 1693.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「くださる
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
くださる ださ [kùdásáꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) くだされ ださ [kùdásáꜜrè]
Key constructions
Passive くだされる だされ [kùdásáréꜜrù]
Causative くださせる ださせ [kùdásáséꜜrù]
Potential - - -
Volitional くださろう ださろ [kùdásáróꜜò]
Negative くださらない ださらない [kùdásáráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective くださらなかった ださらなかった [kùdásáráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal くださいます ださいま [kùdásáímáꜜsù]
Perfective くださった ださった [kùdásáꜜttà]
Conjunctive くださって ださって [kùdásáꜜttè]
Hypothetical conditional くだされば だされば [kùdásáꜜrèbà]

Verb

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(くだ)さる (kudasarugodan (stem (くだ)さり (kudasari) or (くだ)さい (kudasai), past (くだ)さった (kudasatta))

  1. [from 1693] (honorific) to give
    先生(せんせい)(わたし)(ほん)(くだ)さいました
    Sensei wa watashi ni hon o kudasaimashita.
    [My] teacher gave me a book.
  2. [from 1693] (honorific) to receive (particularly food and/or drink)
  3. [from 1885-1886] (honorific) to feel great
  4. [from 1885-1886] (honorific) (chiefly in the negative form) to be worthless or boring; to be tasteless
  5. (honorific) (only useed in the following conjunctions below) to do something for the recipient; shows respect from the speaker to the recipient
    1. [from 1715] Used after the 〜て form of a verb.
    2. [from 1820-1849] Used either after a native noun prefixed with (o-) or after a Sino-Japanese noun prefixed with (go-).
Usage notes
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  • The receiver is always the speaker or someone close to the speaker such as a family member. The giver is always someone of higher social status than the speaker. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Conjugation
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Synonyms
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Etymology 2

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Derived as the passive / potential / spontaneous / honorific conjugation of 下す (kudasu, to lower something).

Verb

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(くだ)さる (kudasarunidan

  1. classical form of 下される (kudasareru)
Conjugation
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 くださ‐・る 【下】 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here