曆

See also: 暦 and 历

曆	U+66C6, 曆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66C6

← 曅
[U+66C5]

CJK Unified Ideographs

曇 →
[U+66C7]

曆	U+F98B, 曆 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98B

← 力
[U+F98A]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

歷 →
[U+F98C]

TranslingualEdit

Traditional	曆
Shinjitai	暦
Simplified	历

Han characterEdit

曆 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一竹木日 (MHDA) or 一木日 (MDA), four-corner 7126₉, composition ⿸厤日)

Related charactersEdit

歷, 磿

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 500, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14171
Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1536, character 2
Unihan data for U+66C6

Unihan data for U+F98B

ChineseEdit

trad.		曆/歷
simp.		历^*
alternative forms		暦𢍷

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (秝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
秝	*reːɡ
歷	*reːɡ
曆	*reːɡ
磿	*reːɡ
靂	*reːɡ
癧	*reːɡ
櫪	*reːɡ
藶	*reːɡ
瀝	*reːɡ
攊	*reːɡ
厤	*reːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *reːɡ): phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”).

EtymologyEdit

Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lì (li⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ

(Chengdu, SP): ni²
Cantonese (Jyutping): lik⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): la̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): lag⁶
Min Dong (BUC): lĭk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): la̍h / lia̍k / le̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸ / lah⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lì
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lì
  - Wade–Giles: li⁴
  - Yale: lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
  - Palladius: ли (li)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ni²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lik⁶
  - Yale: lihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: lag
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍h
  - Tâi-lô: la̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lah
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /laʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /laʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /laʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/

Note:

la̍h - vernacular;
lia̍k/le̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: lêh⁸ / lah⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h / la̍h
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴/, /laʔ⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 曆
Mandarin	Beijing	/li⁵¹/
	Harbin	/li⁵³/
	Tianjin	/li⁵³/
	Jinan	/li²¹/
	Qingdao	/li⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/li²⁴/
	Xi'an	/li²¹/
	Xining	/l̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/li¹³/
	Lanzhou	/li¹³/
	Ürümqi	/li²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ni³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/li³¹/
	Nanjing	/li⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/liəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/liʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/liəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/liɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/liəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/liəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/lei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/li²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/le¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/li²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ni²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/liʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lak̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lɑk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lek̚²/
	Nanning	/lek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/lik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/lik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/liʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/li²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/leʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/lek̚³/

Middle Chinese: /lek̚/

Rime
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	青 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎擊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/lek̚/
Wang Li	/liek̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/liek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek/

(Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁek/
English	calculate (astronomically)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
No.	7981
Phonetic component	秝
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	靂
Old Chinese	/*reːɡ/

DefinitionsEdit

曆

calendar

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 曆

ReferencesEdit

“曆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

Shinjitai	暦
Kyūjitai	曆

KanjiEdit

曆

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

calendar
era

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: りゃく (ryaku)
Kan-on: れき (reki)
Kun: こよみ (koyomi, 曆)

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 曆 (MC lek̚). Recorded as Middle Korean 력 (lyek) (Yale: lyek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

曆

Wikisource

曆 (eumhun 책력 력 (chaengnyeok ryeok), South Korea 책력 역 (chaengnyeok yeok))

Hanja form^? of 력/역 (“calendar”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

서력 (西曆, seoryeok)
양력 (陽曆, yangnyeok)
월력 (月曆, wollyeok)
음력 (陰曆, eumnyeok)
일력 (日曆, illyeok)
신력 (新曆, sillyeok)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

曆: Hán Việt readings: lịch
曆: Nôm readings: rếch, rích, rịch

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