珊瑚

Chinese

FWOTD – 16 October 2014

		phonetic
trad. (珊瑚)		珊	瑚
simp. #(珊瑚)		珊	瑚

Etymology

Borrowed from an Iranian language in Central Asia during the Han Dynasty, probably Khotanese sam̥gga- (“stone”). Compare Modern Persian سنگ (sang, “stone”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shānhú

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ ㄏㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): saan¹ wu⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sân-fù
• Eastern Min (BUC): săng-hù / dăng-hù
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): san-ô͘ / soan-ô͘ / soan-lô͘
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹se-wu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shānhú
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ ㄏㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shanhú
    • Wade–Giles: shan¹-hu²
    • Yale: shān-hú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanhwu
    • Palladius: шаньху (šanʹxu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵⁵ xu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: saan¹ wu⁴
    • Yale: sāan wùh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: saan¹ wu⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: san¹ wu⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saːn⁵⁵ wuː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sân-fù
    • Hakka Romanization System: san´ fuˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: san¹ fu²
    • Sinological IPA: /san²⁴ fu¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: săng-hù / dăng-hù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋu⁵³/, /taŋ⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋu⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san-ô͘
    • Tâi-lô: san-ôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: san'oo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /san⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³ ɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-ô͘
    • Tâi-lô: suan-ôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soan'oo
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ ɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan-lô͘
    • Tâi-lô: suan-lôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soanloo
    • IPA (Taipei): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹se-wu
    • MiniDict: se^平 wu
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹se-hhu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦu²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: san hu

Rime
Character	珊	瑚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	蘇干切	戸吳切
Baxter	san	hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑn/	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑn/	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑn/	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/san/	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/sɑn/	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/sɑn/	/ɣu/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑn/	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sān	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saan1	wu4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*slaːn  ɡaː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	珊	瑚
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11064	4246
Phonetic component	删	古
Rime group	元	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	𦙽	胡
Old Chinese	/*slaːn/	/*ɡaː/

Noun

珊瑚

1. coral

   • （罽賓國）出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠璣、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流離。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     （罽宾国）出封牛、水牛、象、大狗、沐猴、孔爵、珠玑、珊瑚、虎魄、璧流离。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE

     (Jìbīn guó) chū fēngniú, shuǐniú, xiàng, dàgǒu, mùhóu, kǒngjué, zhūjī, shānhú, hǔpò, bìliúlí. [Pinyin]

     (The country of Jibin in the Western Regions) produces bison, buffalo, elephants, big dogs (kuchis?), macaques, peacocks, jewels, corals, ambers and cat's eyes.

Derived terms

• 八放珊瑚
• 六射珊瑚
• 多放珊瑚
• 床板珊瑚
• 打碎珊瑚
• 拖鞋珊瑚
• 擊珊瑚碎／击珊瑚碎
• 擊碎珊瑚／击碎珊瑚
• 日射珊瑚
• 木珊瑚
• 桃葉珊瑚／桃叶珊瑚
• 珊瑚化石
• 珊瑚在網／珊瑚在网 (shānhú zài wǎng)
• 珊瑚婚
• 珊瑚島／珊瑚岛 (shānhúdǎo)
• 珊瑚木難／珊瑚木难
• 珊瑚樹／珊瑚树
• 珊瑚海 (Shānhúhǎi)
• 珊瑚珠
• 珊瑚礁 (shānhújiāo)
• 珊瑚網／珊瑚网
• 珊瑚翹／珊瑚翘
• 珊瑚花
• 珊瑚菜
• 珊瑚菌
• 珊瑚藻
• 珊瑚蛇 (shānhúshé)
• 珊瑚蟲／珊瑚虫 (shānhúchóng)
• 珊瑚鉤／珊瑚钩
• 珊瑚頂／珊瑚顶
• 皺紋珊瑚／皱纹珊瑚
• 綠珊瑚／绿珊瑚
• 草珊瑚 (cǎoshānhú)
• 蜈蚣珊瑚
• 鏈珊瑚／链珊瑚
• 鐵網珊瑚／铁网珊瑚

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (珊瑚):

• → Japanese: 珊瑚(さんご) (sango)
• → Okinawan: 珊瑚(さんぐ) (sangu)
• → Korean: 산호(珊瑚) (sanho)
• → Vietnamese: san hô (珊瑚)

Japanese

珊瑚 (sango): a piece of coral.

Kanji in this term
珊	瑚
さん Jinmeiyō	ご Jinmeiyō
goon

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 珊瑚 (MC san hu). First cited in Japanese in a text from 892.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) さんご [sáꜜǹgò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [sã̠ŋɡo̞]

Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ご) or 珊瑚(サンゴ) • (sango) 

1. [from 892] coral
   • 2022 April 26, 安(あ)倍(べ)晋(しん)三(ぞう) (Abe Shinzō)<t:Shinzō Abe>, Twitter‎^[1], archived from the original on 2022-10-28:

     相(あい)変(か)わらずの朝(あさ)日(ひ)新(しん)聞(ぶん)。珊(さん)瑚(ご)は大(たい)切(せつ)に。

     Aikawarazu no Asahi Shinbun. Sango wa taisetsu ni.

     The Asahi Shimbun has not changed a bit. Value a coral.

Usage notes

• As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サンゴ.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 珊瑚(さんご)アナナス (sango ananasu): the coralberry plant, Aechmea fulgens
• 珊瑚海(さんごかい) (Sango Kai): the Coral Sea
• 珊瑚蟹(さんごがに) (sangogani): coral crab (family Xanthidae)
• 珊瑚砂(さんごしゃ) (sangosha): coral sand
• 珊瑚珠(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): coral beads
• 珊瑚樹(さんごじゅ) (sangoju): a coral formation; Viburnum odoratissimum
• 珊瑚樹茄子(さんごじゅなす) (sangoju nasu): alternate for name トマト (tomato)
• 珊瑚礁(さんごしょう) (sangoshō): a coral reef
• 珊瑚藻(さんごも) (sangomo): a type of seaweed, coralline algae (Corallinales)
• 珊瑚虫(さんごちゅう) (sangochū): a coral polyp
• 珊瑚島(さんごとう) (sangotō): a coral island
• 珊瑚末(さんごまつ) (sangomatsu): coral powder, used as a pigment
• 珊瑚網(さんごあみ) (sango ami): a net used to gather coral

Korean

Hanja in this term
珊	瑚

Noun

珊瑚 • (sanho) (hangeul 산호)

1. Hanja form^? of 산호 (“coral”).

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
珊	瑚
さん Jinmeiyō	ぐ Jinmeiyō

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 珊(さん)瑚(ご) (sango).

Noun

珊(さん)瑚(ぐ) (sangu) 

1. coral

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
珊	瑚

Noun

珊瑚

1. chữ Hán form of san hô (“coral”).