Wiktionary

古

See also: 吉 and 𠮷
古 U+53E4, 古
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53E4
← 口
[U+53E3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 句 →
[U+53E5]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

古 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 40600, composition ⿱十口)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №53

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 171, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3233
  • Dae Jaweon: page 380, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 568, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+53E4

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 古
alternative forms 𠖠 ‡
故 Cantonese "story"
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 古
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Unknown.

Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ).

Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意): 十 (“ten”) + 口 (“mouth”).

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”). May be also related to Indonesian kuno.

Pronunciation 1Edit

Note: kū - in 古田 (Kŭ-chèng).
Rime
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 公戸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuoX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuoX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/koX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɔX/
Li
Rong 		/koX/
Wang
Li 		/kuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gu2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kuX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁaʔ/
English ancient

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
No. 4219
Phonetic
component 		古
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		古
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

古

  1. the past; ancient times
    古今  ―  gǔjīn  ―  ancient and modern times
  2. old; ancient
  3. classic; old-styled
  4. simple; unaffected; unsophisticated
  5. things in the past; antiquities; history
  6. (Cantonese, Hakka, Min Nan) story (Classifier: 段 c)
    講古／讲古 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 gu2 [Jyutping]  ―  to tell a story
  7. Short for 古體詩／古体诗 (gǔtǐshī, “ancient-style poem”).
  8. a surname
    古天樂／古天乐 [Cantonese]  ―  gu2 tin1 lok6 [Jyutping]  ―  Louis Koo

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 古

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (古):
  • → Japanese: 古(こ) (ko)
  • → Korean: 고(古) (go)
  • → Vietnamese: cổ (古)

Others:

  • → Vietnamese: cũ

Pronunciation 2Edit

DefinitionsEdit

古

  1. † Alternative form of 固 (gù).
  2. † Alternative form of 故 (gù).

Pronunciation 3Edit

DefinitionsEdit

古

  1. † Only used in 古成.

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

古

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

EtymologyEdit

Kanji in this term
古
いにしえ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/inisipe1/ > /inisiɸe/ > /inisiwe/ > /inisie/. Literally "that which has passed". From the verb 往ぬ (inu, “pass”) in adverbial form ini, the past marker き (ki) in attributive form si, and 方 (pe, “time, direction”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

古(いにしえ) • (inishie) ←いにしへ (inisife)?

  1. the past
  2. ancient times

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

古, eumhun 옛 고 (yet go)

  1. Hanja form? of 고 (“old; ancient”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

古: Hán Việt readings: cổ (公(công)土(thổ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
古: Nôm readings: cổ[1][2][4][5][6], cỗ[2][3][7][4][6], của[1][2], có[1], cỏ[1], kẻ[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of cổ (“ancient; old”).
  2. Nôm form of cổ (“neck”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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