-kko

See also: KKO and -kkö

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Equivalent to -kka +‎ -i (compare -kki). Cognate with Estonian -k(u).

Suffix

-kko (front vowel harmony variant -kkö)

1. Forms collective nouns.

   ‎kehä (“frame”) + ‎-kko → ‎kehikko (“framework”)

   ‎valjaat (“harness”) + ‎-kko → ‎valjakko (“team”)

2. Forms nouns for groups of a particular number, including tuples.

   ‎kaksi (“two”) + ‎-kko → ‎kaksikko (“group of two, duo, couple”)

   ‎kolme (“three”) + ‎-kko → ‎kolmikko (“group of three, threesome”)

   ‎neljä (“four”) + ‎-kko → ‎nelikko (“group of four, quadruple”)

3. Forms nouns denoting essential characteristics of a location, for a (land) surface covered in something, or for land characterised by something in general.

   ‎nurmi (“grass”) + ‎-kko → ‎nurmikko (“lawn”)

   ‎ruoko (“reed”) + ‎-kko → ‎ruoikko (“reed bed”)

   ‎hieta (“sand”) + ‎-kko → ‎hietikko (“expanse of sand”)

   ‎lumme (“waterlily”) + ‎-kko → ‎lumpeikko (“water covered in waterlilies”)

   ‎aalto (“wave”) + ‎-kko → ‎aallokko (“swell”)

   ‎ranta (“shore”) + ‎-kko → ‎rannikko (“coast”)

   ‎kostea (“wet, moist”) + ‎-kko → ‎kosteikko (“wetland”)

4. Forms nouns for groups of something, often plants.

   ‎haapa (“aspen”) + ‎-kko → ‎haavikko (“group of aspen trees, aspen forest”)

   ‎taimi (“sapling”) + ‎-kko → ‎taimikko (“group of saplings, recently planted forest”)

   ‎porras (“step”) + ‎-kko → ‎portaikko (“set of steps, staircase”)

5. Forms nouns from verbs denoting activities or tools for an activity.

   ‎rynnätä (“to attack”) + ‎-kko → ‎rynnäkkö (“attack”)

   ‎yllättää (“to surprise”) + ‎-kko → ‎ylläkkö (“raid”)

   ‎valita (“to choose”) + ‎-kko → ‎valikko (“menu (computing)”)

6. Forms names for various beings.

   ‎lumi (“snow”) + ‎-kko → ‎lumikko (“least weasel”)

   ‎Venäjä (“Russia”) + ‎-kko → ‎venakko (“Russian female”)

7. Forms descriptive nouns.

   ‎hauli (“shot”) + ‎-kko → ‎haulikko (“shotgun”)

Usage notes

Usually added to the plural stem of the base noun (-ikko).

Declension

Inflection of -kko (Kotus type 4*A/laatikko, kk-k gradation)
nominative		-kko	-kot
genitive		-kon	-kkojen -koiden -koitten
partitive		-kkoa	-kkoja -koita
illative		-kkoon	-kkoihin -koihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-kko	-kot
accusative	nom.	-kko	-kot
	gen.	-kon
genitive		-kon	-kkojen -koiden -koitten
partitive		-kkoa	-kkoja -koita
inessive		-kossa	-koissa
elative		-kosta	-koista
illative		-kkoon	-kkoihin -koihin
adessive		-kolla	-koilla
ablative		-kolta	-koilta
allative		-kolle	-koille
essive		-kkona	-kkoina
translative		-koksi	-koiksi
instructive		—	-koin
abessive		-kotta	-koitta
comitative		—	-kkoineen

Possessive forms of -kko (type laatikko)
possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-kkoni	-kkomme
2nd person	-kkosi	-kkonne
3rd person	-kkonsa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -kko

Anagrams

• KOK, kok.

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Ingrian

Alternative forms

• -ikko

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-kkoi. Akin to Finnish -kko.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kːo/, [-kːo̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kːoi̯/, [-kːo̞i̯]

Suffix

-kko (front vowel variant -kkö)

1. Used to form collective nouns.

   ‎petäjä (“pine”) + ‎-kko → ‎petäisikko (“group of pines”)

2. Used to form groups of a particular number.

   ‎kymmen (“ten”) + ‎-kko → ‎kymmenikkö (“decuplet”)

3. Used to form nouns describing female people.

   ‎linna (“town”) + ‎-kko → ‎linnakko (“townswoman”)

4. Used to form diminutives of certain nouns.

   ‎pää (“head”) + ‎-kko → ‎pääkkö (“head”)

5. (unproductive) Used to form animal names.

   ‎vesi (“water”) + ‎-kko → ‎vesikko (“mink”)

Usage notes

• This suffix doesn't always conform to vowel harmony:

  ‎päähkänä (“nut”) (front-vocalic) + ‎-kko → ‎päähkänikko (“nut grove”) (back-vocalic)

Declension

Declension of -kko (type 4/koivu, kk-k gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-kko	-kot
genitive	-kon	-kkoin, -kkoloin
partitive	-kkoa	-kkoja, -kkoloja
illative	-kkoo	-kkoi, -kkoloihe
inessive	-kos	-kkois, -kkolois
elative	-kost	-kkoist, -kkoloist
allative	-kolle	-kkoille, -kkoloille
adessive	-kol	-kkoil, -kkoloil
ablative	-kolt	-kkoilt, -kkoloilt
translative	-koks	-kkoiks, -kkoloiks
essive	-kkonna, -kkoon	-kkoinna, -kkoloinna, -kkoin, -kkoloin
exessive1)	-kkont	-kkoint, -kkoloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -kko

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Japanese

Romanization

-kko

1. Rōmaji transcription of っこ