od

See also: Appendix:Variations of "od"

English

Etymology 1

Alteration of God.

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑd/
• Rhymes: -ɒd
• Homophone: odd

Noun

od

1. (now archaic, regional) (Euphemistic form of) God. [from 17th c.]

Derived terms

• od's bobs
• ods bodikins
• od's niggers

Etymology 2

Borrowed from German Od, arbitrarily coined by the German scientist and philosopher Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ɒd/, /əʊd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• (General American) IPA^(key): /ɑd/, /ɔd/, /oʊd/
• Rhymes: -ɒd, -əʊd, -ɔd
• Homophones: odd, ode

Noun

od

1. (pseudoscience, historical, also attributive) A hypothetical force or natural power, which was supposed by Carl Reichenbach and others to inhere in certain people and produce phenomena such as animal magnetism and mesmerism, and to be developed by various agencies, as by chemical or vital action, heat, light, magnets, etc.

   Synonyms: (obsolete) odyl, odyle

Alternative forms

• Od, õd

Derived terms

• odic
• odically
• odism
• odylic, odyllic
• odylism
• odylist
• odyl, odyle

Further reading

• Odic force on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• DO, D.O., 'do, D&O, do., d/o, do

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		од
Abjad		اوْد

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /od/
• (Tabriz) IPA^(key): /ot/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

1. fire

   Synonyms: atəş, nar

Declension

Declension of od

	singular	plural
nominative	od	odlar
definite accusative	odu	odları
dative	oda	odlara
locative	odda	odlarda
ablative	oddan	odlardan
definite genitive	odun	odların

Possessive forms of od

	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	odum	odlarım
sənin (“your”)	odun	odların
onun (“his/her/its”)	odu	odları
bizim (“our”)	odumuz	odlarımız
sizin (“your”)	odunuz	odlarınız
onların (“their”)	odu or odları	odları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	odumu	odlarımı
sənin (“your”)	odunu	odlarını
onun (“his/her/its”)	odunu	odlarını
bizim (“our”)	odumuzu	odlarımızı
sizin (“your”)	odunuzu	odlarınızı
onların (“their”)	odunu or odlarını	odlarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	oduma	odlarıma
sənin (“your”)	oduna	odlarına
onun (“his/her/its”)	oduna	odlarına
bizim (“our”)	odumuza	odlarımıza
sizin (“your”)	odunuza	odlarınıza
onların (“their”)	oduna or odlarına	odlarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	odumda	odlarımda
sənin (“your”)	odunda	odlarında
onun (“his/her/its”)	odunda	odlarında
bizim (“our”)	odumuzda	odlarımızda
sizin (“your”)	odunuzda	odlarınızda
onların (“their”)	odunda or odlarında	odlarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	odumdan	odlarımdan
sənin (“your”)	odundan	odlarından
onun (“his/her/its”)	odundan	odlarından
bizim (“our”)	odumuzdan	odlarımızdan
sizin (“your”)	odunuzdan	odlarınızdan
onların (“their”)	odundan or odlarından	odlarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	odumun	odlarımın
sənin (“your”)	odunun	odlarının
onun (“his/her/its”)	odunun	odlarının
bizim (“our”)	odumuzun	odlarımızın
sizin (“your”)	odunuzun	odlarınızın
onların (“their”)	odunun or odlarının	odlarının

Related terms

• odun
• ocaq

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ot, from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ot/

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

od [with genitive]

1. from

   Dostal jsem dopis od bratra. ― I got a letter from my brother.

2. since

   Od té doby jsem tam nebyl. ― I haven't been there since.

3. of

   To je od tebe moc hezké. ― That is very nice of you.

Further reading

• “od”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “od”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse oddr, from Proto-Germanic *uzdaz, cognate with German Ort (“place, point”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɔðˀ/, [ˈʌðˀ]

Noun

od c (singular definite odden, plural indefinite odde)

1. sharp point

Declension

Declension of od

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	od	odden	odde	oddene
genitive	ods	oddens	oddes	oddenes

Ido

Alternative forms

• o (apocope)

Etymology

Borrowing from English or, French ou, Italian od and Spanish o.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔd/

Conjunction

od

1. or

Related terms

• ed (“and”)
• ad (“to”)

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /od/

Conjunction

od

1. or (used before a vowel for euphony instead of o)

Anagrams

• D-o, do, dò

Latvian

Verb

od

1. inflection of ost:
   1. second-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Middle English

Adjective

od

1. Alternative form of odde

Adverb

od

1. Alternative form of odde

Noun

od

1. Alternative form of odde

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse óðr.

Adjective

od (neuter singular odt, definite singular and plural ode, comparative odare, indefinite superlative odast, definite superlative odaste)

1. mad, frenzied

   Synonyms: galen, styrlaus

   Han er så od i dag at eg torer ikkje snakka til han.

   He's so mad today that I don't dare talk to him.

2. on heat, rutting

   Synonyms: brunstig, brundgalen

Derived terms

• odgalen
• oding
• odskap

Etymology 2

From Old Norse óðr.

Noun

od n (definite singular odet, indefinite plural od, definite plural oda)

1. wild impulse, sudden compulsion, yearning, frenzy

   Synonyms: ihuge, hugskot

   Eg gjorde det med odet var på meg.

   I did it while the impulse was on me.

2. stormy weather

   Synonyms: hardver, uver

Derived terms

• odkast
• verod

References

• “od” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
• “od”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

Old French

Etymology

From Latin apud.

Preposition

od

1. with

Descendants

• Norman: d'ot

Old Polish

Alternative forms

• hod, hot, ode, ot, ote

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ. The final d is due to analogy with other prepositions such as nad and pod. First attested in the first half of the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔt/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔt/

Preposition

od [with genitive]

1. indicates the beginning of an action has lasted; since, from, for
2. indicates length of time; for
3. indicates distance; from, away from
4. indicates source or cause; from, because of
5. indicates agent of a request; from
6. indicates physical origin, sometimes used in names; from
7. indicates author or letter; by, from
8. used in passive constructions; by
9. indicates the scope, manner or degree
10. indicates relation, intended purpose or use, material, or age; from
11. used in comparisons; than

Derived terms

prefix

• od-

Descendants

• Polish: od
• Silesian: ôd

References

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “od”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Alternative forms

• ode

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish od.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈɔt/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈɔt/
• (Lesser Poland):
  • (Kielce) IPA^(key): /ˈɔt/

• Audio 1 (isolated):

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔt
• Syllabification: od
• Homophones: od-, ot, -ot

Preposition

od [with genitive]

1. indicates separation, distance, loss of contact; from, away

   Jesteśmy dość daleko od domu. ― We're pretty far from home.

   Odsuń się od niej! ― Get away from her!

2. indicates origin of movement; from, away

   Dostałem dziś list od siostry. ― I got a letter from my sister today.

   Odchodzę od tego budynku. ― I am walking away from that building.

3. indicates moment of origin in time; from, since, for

   Pracuję codziennie od siódmej do piętnastej. ― I work from 7 AM till 3 PM every day.

   Od jutra będę mieszkał we własnym mieszkaniu. ― Starting tomorrow I'll be living in my own flat.

   Odlicz od dziesięciu w dół. ― Count backwards from ten.

   Czekam na ciebie od osiemnastej. ― I have been waiting for you since 6 PM.

4. indicates source or cause; from, because of

   Jestem mokry od deszczu ― I'm wet from the rain.

5. indicates intended use or purpose; for

   Czy widzisz przez dziurkę od klucza? ― Can you see through the keyhole? (literally, “Can you see through the hole for the key?”)

   Zamknąłeś okno od samochodu? ― Did you shut the car window?

6. indicates specialization
7. used in comparisons; than

   Synonyms: aniżeli, aniżeliby, niż, niżby, niźli, niźliby, niżeli, niżeliby

   Janusz jest wyższy od Piotra. ― Janusz is taller than Piotr.

8. (Middle Polish) used to indicate the author of a letter or work; from, by
9. (Middle Polish) used in passive constructions; by
10. (Middle Polish) indicates material; from

    Synonym: z

Derived terms

numerals

• od cholery
• od groma
• od metra

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), od is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 477 times in scientific texts, 319 times in news, 310 times in essays, 371 times in fiction, and 303 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 1780 times, making it the 23rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Further reading

• od in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• od in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “od”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “OD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 May 24
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “od”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 564
• Jan Łoś (1886) “já ńe od tego”, in “Gwara opoczyńska. Studium dialektologiczne”, in Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (1), volume 11, page 186

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti. See od-, ot-, o, oda-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ôd/

Preposition

ȍd (Cyrillic spelling о̏д)

1. from, since [with genitive]

   od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade

   od jutra do mraka ― from dusk until dawn

   od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock

   od danas ― from today on

   od sad(a) ― from now on

   od tad(a) ― since then

   od kraja zime ― from the end of winter

2. of [with genitive]

   selo od tri kuće ― a village of three houses

   jedan od njih ― one of them

   čovjek od (svoje) r(ij)eči. ― a man of his word

   Hvala! To je bilo jako l(ij)epo od tebe! ― Thank you! That was very nice of you!

3. (comparison) (+ genitive case) than

   Avioni su brži od helikoptera. ― Airplanes are faster than helicopters.

   Stariji je od svoje sestre. ― He is older than his sister.

4. made of, made out of, made from [with genitive]

   stolica od drveta ― a chair made of wood

   Plastika se proizvodi od nafte. ― Plastic is made from oil.

   U slamovima, ljudi često žive u kućama napravljenim od otpadnog metala. ― In slums, people often live in houses made out of scrap metal.

5. (proscribed, passive voice) (+ genitive case) by (usually followed by strane ("side/party") denoting the party which is doing the action; active form is preferred in formal language)

   Bomba je bila pronađena od (strane) policije. ― The bomb was found by the police.

6. because of, from, with (denoting a direct or indirect cause) [with genitive]

   Umrla je od raka kože. ― She died of skin cancer.

   Umrla je od alkoholizma. ― She died from alcoholism.

   umr(ij)eti od dosade ― to die of boredom

   drhtati od straha ― to tremble with fear

   tresti se od hladnoće ― to shiver with cold

Slovak

Alternative forms

• odo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *otъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éti.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɔd/

Preposition

od (+ genitive)

1. from
2. since
3. of

Further reading

• “od”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *otъ

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔt/

Preposition

od

1. from, away from [with genitive]
2. since or starting from (place or time) [with genitive]
3. originating from, having origin in [with genitive]
4. of, belonging to, part of [with genitive]
5. (with genitive, in comparisons) than
6. of, from, because of, due to [with genitive]

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish اود (od), اوت (ot), from Old Anatolian Turkish اود (od), from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).

Noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

1. (archaic or dialectal) fire

   Synonyms: ateş, nâr

Declension

Declension of od

singular plural nominative od odlar definite accusative odu odları dative oda odlara locative odda odlarda ablative oddan odlardan genitive odun odların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular odum odlarım 2nd singular odun odların 3rd singular odu odları 1st plural odumuz odlarımız 2nd plural odunuz odlarınız 3rd plural odları odları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular odumu odlarımı 2nd singular odunu odlarını 3rd singular odunu odlarını 1st plural odumuzu odlarımızı 2nd plural odunuzu odlarınızı 3rd plural odlarını odlarını dative singular plural 1st singular oduma odlarıma 2nd singular oduna odlarına 3rd singular oduna odlarına 1st plural odumuza odlarımıza 2nd plural odunuza odlarınıza 3rd plural odlarına odlarına locative singular plural 1st singular odumda odlarımda 2nd singular odunda odlarında 3rd singular odunda odlarında 1st plural odumuzda odlarımızda 2nd plural odunuzda odlarınızda 3rd plural odlarında odlarında ablative singular plural 1st singular odumdan odlarımdan 2nd singular odundan odlarından 3rd singular odundan odlarından 1st plural odumuzdan odlarımızdan 2nd plural odunuzdan odlarınızdan 3rd plural odlarından odlarından genitive singular plural 1st singular odumun odlarımın 2nd singular odunun odlarının 3rd singular odunun odlarının 1st plural odumuzun odlarımızın 2nd plural odunuzun odlarınızın 3rd plural odlarının odlarının

Related terms

• oda
• odun

Volapük

Pronoun

od

1. each other

Declension

Declension of od

	singular	plural
nominative	od	ods
genitive	oda	odas
dative	ode	odes
accusative	odi	odis

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔd/

Etymology 1

From Middle English odde.

Adjective

od (feminine singular od, plural od, equative oded, comparative odach, superlative odaf)

1. odd, strange

   Synonyms: anarferol, rhyfedd

2. odd (not even)

   Antonym: cynifer

Usage notes

Unusually for a monosyllabic word ending in a monophthong and single d, the current spelling of this word does not require the grave accent to indicate that the vowel is short. Likewise, there is a circumflex in the word ôd to show that its vowel is long. Compare this to regular spellings such as mwd and mẁd or nod and nòd. This phenomenon of not requiring a grave accent where one may expect it is more common in well-established grammatical words such as od below. See also os, nid or nag for similar cases.

Derived terms

• odiaeth (“excellent, splendid”)
• odrif (“odd number”)

Etymology 2

Conjunction

od

1. (literary) Alternative form of o (“if, whether”) used before vowels.

Mutation

Mutated forms of od

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
od	unchanged	unchanged	hod

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.