deren
Basque edit
Noun edit
deren
- genitive indefinite of de
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Dutch dēren, from Old Dutch deren, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
deren
- (transitive) to harm
Inflection edit
Inflection of deren (weak) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | deren | |||
past singular | deerde | |||
past participle | gedeerd | |||
infinitive | deren | |||
gerund | deren n | |||
present tense | past tense | |||
1st person singular | deer | deerde | ||
2nd person sing. (jij) | deert | deerde | ||
2nd person sing. (u) | deert | deerde | ||
2nd person sing. (gij) | deert | deerde | ||
3rd person singular | deert | deerde | ||
plural | deren | deerden | ||
subjunctive sing.1 | dere | deerde | ||
subjunctive plur.1 | deren | deerden | ||
imperative sing. | deer | |||
imperative plur.1 | deert | |||
participles | derend | gedeerd | ||
1) Archaic. |
Related terms edit
Galician edit
Verb edit
deren
German edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
deren (relative or demonstrative)
- inflection of der:
Usage notes edit
Among unexercised users of formal standard German, one can frequently read or hear dessen when deren would be correct (or occasionally vice versa), since either of these forms is missing in some vernaculars.
Consider:
and
- Sie haben ihre Freunde und deren Sohn eingeladen.
- They have invited their friends and their son.
The first sentence relates that the family which invites has a son, thus, they invite friends and that son. In the second sentence, the family invites their friends and a son of the invited family. Compare this behaviour with Ukrainian свій and Ukrainian possessive pronouns:
- Вони запросили своїх друзів і свого сина.
vs.
- Вони запросили своїх друзів і їхнього сина.
Declension edit
Relative pronoun:
Declension of der | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
nominative | der | die | das | die |
genitive | dessen | deren younger also: derer |
dessen | derer deren |
dative | dem | der | dem | denen |
accusative | den | die | das | die |
Demonstrative pronoun:
Declension of der | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | |
nominative | der | die | das | die |
genitive | dessen | deren younger also: derer |
dessen | derer deren |
dative | dem | der | dem | denen |
accusative | den | die | das | die |
Middle Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Old Dutch deren, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan.
Verb edit
dēren
- to harm, to hurt
- to hurt emotionally
- to damage
Inflection edit
Weak | ||
---|---|---|
Infinitive | dēren | |
3rd sg. past | — | |
3rd pl. past | — | |
Past participle | — | |
Infinitive | dēren | |
In genitive | dērens | |
In dative | dērene | |
Indicative | Present | Past |
1st singular | dēre | — |
2nd singular | dēers, dēres | — |
3rd singular | dēert, dēret | — |
1st plural | dēren | — |
2nd plural | dēert, dēret | — |
3rd plural | dēren | — |
Subjunctive | Present | Past |
1st singular | dēre | — |
2nd singular | dēers, dēres | — |
3rd singular | dēre | — |
1st plural | dēren | — |
2nd plural | dēert, dēret | — |
3rd plural | dēren | — |
Imperative | Present | |
Singular | dēer, dēre | |
Plural | dēert, dēret | |
Present | Past | |
Participle | dērende | — |
Alternative forms edit
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- “deren (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “daren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page daren
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “deren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Old Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-West Germanic *darjan.
Verb edit
deren
- to harm, to hurt
- Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
- Unson lichamen maht tu daren, the sielen solen zo genathen uaren.
- You can hurt our bodies, the souls will go to (the state of) grace.
- Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
- to damage
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- “deren”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012