jou
Afrikaans edit
Pronunciation edit
Alternative forms edit
- djou (Cape Afrikaans)
Etymology 1 edit
From Dutch jou. Also related to English you.
Pronoun edit
jou (subject jy)
- you (singular, object)
See also edit
subjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | 1st | ek | my | myne | ||
2nd | jy | jou | joune | |||
2nd, formal | u | u s’n | ||||
3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne | ||
3rd, fem | sy | haar | hare | |||
3rd, neut | dit | sy | syne | |||
plural | 1st | ons | ons s’n | |||
2nd | julle / jul1 | julle s’n | ||||
3rd | hulle / hul1 | hulle s’n | ||||
1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. |
Etymology 2 edit
Determiner edit
jou
- your (singular)
- 2016, “In Jou Atmosfeer”, in Sal Jy Met My Dans?[1], performed by Kurt Darren, South Africa:
- In jou atmosfeer.
- In your atmosphere.
See also edit
subjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | 1st | ek | my | myne | ||
2nd | jy | jou | joune | |||
2nd, formal | u | u s’n | ||||
3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne | ||
3rd, fem | sy | haar | hare | |||
3rd, neut | dit | sy | syne | |||
plural | 1st | ons | ons s’n | |||
2nd | julle / jul1 | julle s’n | ||||
3rd | hulle / hul1 | hulle s’n | ||||
1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. |
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old Catalan jou, from Latin iugum (compare Occitan jo, French joug, Spanish yugo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
jou m (plural jous)
- (agriculture, also figuratively) yoke
- col (between mountains)
- (nautical) transom (type of structural beam)
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “jou” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “jou”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “jou” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “jou” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Dutch jou, from Old Dutch *jū, a northern (Frisian?) variant of *iu, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, a West Germanic variant of *izwiz. Doublet of u.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
jou
- objective form of jij (“you (singular)”): you
- Ik zal dit wel even doen voor jou. ― I'll do this for you.
- Kan ik jou iets vragen?
- Can I ask you something?
- Ik geef jou mijn boek om te lezen.
- I'm giving you my book to read.
- Zij heeft een cadeau voor jou gekocht.
- She bought a gift for you.
Usage notes edit
In informal language, mostly replaced by the unstressed form je, with the form jou used for emphasis or contrast.
- Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
- How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
- Heb je zijn telefoonnummer voor me? — Dat mag ik je eigenlijk niet geven, maar voor jou maak ik graag een uitzondering.
- Could you give me his phone number? — I'm not really supposed to give it out to you, but for you I'll gladly make an exception.
Inflection edit
subject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | zich | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). |
5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural. |
Alternative forms edit
Synonyms edit
Descendants edit
Verb edit
jou
- inflection of jouen:
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Interjection edit
jou (slang)
- yo (greeting)
Anagrams edit
Haitian Creole edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
jou
Kalo Finnish Romani edit
Etymology edit
Pronoun edit
jou
References edit
- “jou” in Finnish Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.
Mbyá Guaraní edit
Verb edit
jou
Conjugation edit
Old French edit
Pronoun edit
jou
- Alternative form of je
Romansch edit
Pronoun edit
jou (Sutsilvan)
Saterland Frisian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Frisian jūwe, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Cognates include West Frisian jim and German euer.
Determiner edit
jou (predicative jouens)
See also edit
Possessive determiners | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
masculine | min | din | sin | hiere | sin | uus | jou | hiere | |
other | mien | dien | sien | sien | |||||
Possessive pronouns | |||||||||
singular | plural | ||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
masculine | minnen | dinnen | sinnen | hierens | sinnen | uzen | jouens | hierens | |
other | mienen | dienen | sienen | sienen |
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Frisian jō, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz. Cognates include West Frisian jo and German euch.
Pronoun edit
jou
See also edit
Pronoun edit
jou
See also edit
References edit
Ternate edit
Etymology edit
From N- (nominalizer) + cou (“to serve”), possibly signifying the one served.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
jou (Jawi جوو)
Alternative forms edit
References edit
- Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Toba Batak edit
Verb edit
jou (active manjou)
- (transitive) to call
References edit
West Frisian edit
Verb edit
jou
- first-person singular present of jaan (to give)
- imperative of jaan (to give)