du
Abinomn edit
Noun edit
du
Aiwoo edit
Determiner edit
du
References edit
- Ross, M. & Næss, Å. (2007), “An Oceanic origin for Äiwoo, the language of the Reef Islands?”, in Oceanic Linguistics, volume 46, issue 2. Cited in: "Äiwoo" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Albanian edit
Verb edit
du
Alemannic German edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
Declension edit
nominative | accusative | dative | possessive m | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mier, mer | min, miin | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich, di | dir, dier, der | din, diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene, -ne | Ire | ||
3rd person singular | m | er | in, en | im | sin, siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es, 's, -s | im | sin, siin | ||
1st person plural | mir, mer | üs, öis, ois, eus | üse, öise, oise, euse | ||
2nd person plural | ir, ier | öi, eu | öie, eure | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene, -ne | ire |
Amanab edit
Noun edit
du
- a kind of bird
Bambara edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
du
References edit
- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Basque edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
- Third-person singular (hark), taking third-person singular (hura) as direct object, present indicative form of izan.
Usage notes edit
Linguistically, this verb form can be seen as belonging to the reconstructed citation form edun instead of izan.
Bavarian edit
Etymology edit
Pronoun edit
du
- you (nominative, singular)
See also edit
nominative | accusative | dative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
2nd person singular (formal) |
Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — |
Breton edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
du
Mutation edit
Derived terms edit
Noun edit
du m
Mutation edit
Verb edit
du
Mutation edit
See also edit
gwenn | louet | du |
ruz | orañjez, melen-ruz; gell | melen |
gwer, glas | ||
cyan | glas | |
magenta; glasruz | roz |
Burushaski edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
du (plural duwants)
See also edit
References edit
Sadaf Munshi (2015), “Word Lists”, in Burushaski Language Documentation Project[1].
Catalan edit
Verb edit
du
- inflection of dur:
Cimbrian edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German du, from Old High German dū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū. Cognate with German du, archaic English thou (modern dialectal tha).
Pronoun edit
du
- (Luserna, Sette Comuni) you (thou, singular familiar)
- Bobrall du geast, gedenkhte ber du pist. ― Wherever you go, remember who you are.
Inflection edit
Sette Comuni:
nominative | accusative | dative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich | mich | miar | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich | diar |
polite | iart | ach | òich | |
3rd person singular | m | èar, ar | in, en | iime |
f | zi, ze | iar | ||
n | es, is | es, 's | iime | |
1st person plural | bar, bandare |
zich | izàndarn | |
2nd person plural | iart, iartàndare, artàndare |
òich, ach | ogàndarn | |
3rd person plural | ze, zòi, zandare |
zich | innàndarn |
Luserna:
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | iar |
3rd person | er, si, 'z | se |
References edit
- “du” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
- Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien
Cornish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
du
Mutation edit
See also edit
gwynn | loos, glas | du |
rudh; kogh | rudhvelyn; gell, gorm | melyn |
gwyrdh, glas | ||
glas | ||
glasrudh, purpur | majenta; purpur, glasrudh | gwynnrudh, kigliw |
Danish edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Danish thu, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”). Cognate with English thou, Latin tū, Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam), Avestan 𐬙𐬏𐬨 (tūm), Russian ты (ty).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du (objective dig)
See also edit
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
Singular | First | – | jeg | mig | min | mit | mine |
Second | modern / informal | du | dig | din | dit | dine | |
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | masculine (person) | han | ham | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hun | hende | hendes | ||||
common(noun) | den | dens | |||||
neuter(noun) | det | dets | |||||
reflexive | – | sig | sin | sit | sine | ||
Plural | First | modern | vi | os | vores | ||
archaic / formal | vor | vort | vore | ||||
Second | – | I | jer | jeres | |||
Third | – | de | dem | deres | |||
reflexive | – | sig |
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Danish dughæ, from Old Norse duga, from Proto-Germanic *duganą (“to be useful”), cognate with Swedish duga, German taugen, Gothic 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dugan).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)
Conjugation edit
Dena'ina edit
Particle edit
du
- interrogative particle (placed at the end of the sentence to make a question)
Dutch edit
Alternative forms edit
- dou (obsolete, Hollandic)
Etymology edit
From Middle Dutch du, from Old Dutch thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
- (obsolete or dialectal) Second-person singular informal pronoun; thou
- 1620, Jacob Cats, Velt-teycken, alle eerbare jonge lieden toegeeygent:
- Sy roept, du bist een slaef, in mijne dienst gebonden
- She calls, thou art a slave, bound to my service
- 1625, Joost van den Vondel, Wiech-liedt:
- Soo leyt dyn memmetje dy in dyn wiechje te rust.
- So thy mama lays thee to rest in thy cradle.
Usage notes edit
- Du was already falling out of general use in early modern Dutch. It was still relatively common in the oblique cases, in vocatives or close to vocative appositions and when indicating contempt.
- The corresponding verbal ending was -st. The present form of zijn was bist, for hebben the present forms hebst and hest were in use. When the nominative directly followed the verb, contraction usually occurred: -stu; bistu, hebstu.
Inflection edit
Elfdalian edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Swedish du.
Pronoun edit
du
Esperanto edit
20 | ||
← 1 | 2 | 3 → |
---|---|---|
Cardinal: du Ordinal: dua Adverbial: due Multiplier: duobla, duopa Fractional: duona, duono |
Etymology edit
From Latin duo, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Pronunciation edit
Numeral edit
du
Derived terms edit
Fala edit
Alternative forms edit
- do (Mañegu)
Etymology edit
From Old Galician-Portuguese do, equivalent to de (“of”) + u (masculine singular definite article).
Contraction edit
du m sg (plural dus, feminine da, feminine plural das)
References edit
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old French del. The expected modern form would be *deau, but it underwent stronger contraction. Akin to Galician do, Portuguese do, and Spanish del.
Pronunciation edit
Contraction edit
du
- Contraction of de + le (“of the”)
- « Eussent » est la troisième personne du pluriel de l’imparfait du subjonctif de « avoir ».
- "Eussent" is the third-person plural imperfect subjunctive [form] of "avoir."
- 1802, Charles Brillat, Pierre Bazaine, Métrologie française, page 249:
- Le bouge donne 9 [neuf] litres plus que le point qui correspond à celui du diamètre des fonds indiqué par la jauge […]
- The bulge gives 9 [nine] liters more than the point which corresponds to that of the diameter of the base indicated by the gauge […]
Usage notes edit
- Only used before nouns (or nominalized forms of other parts of speech, most often adjectives) that begin with consonants; before vowel-initial words, the form de l’ is used, e.g., as seen above, de l'imparfait.
Related terms edit
Article edit
du m sg (feminine singular de la, plural des)
- Forms the partitive article.
- Il mange du pain. ― He eats bread. / He eats some bread.
Usage notes edit
- The partitive article is used with uncountable nouns instead of the indefinite article (which is only used with countable nouns). English and most other European languages do not use any article in such cases.
- Like the indefinite article, the partitive article becomes simple de with grammatical objects in negated sentences: Il ne mange pas de pain. (“He doesn't eat bread.”)
- After the actual preposition de (“of, from”), the partitive article is deleted. So one can never say *de du or *de de la.
Further reading edit
- “du”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Gaikundi edit
Noun edit
du
Further reading edit
German edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German du, duo, dū, from Old High German dū (akin to Old Saxon thū and English thou), itself from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation edit
- (unstressed, standard) IPA(key): /du/
- (unstressed, colloquial) IPA(key): /də/
- After the second person singular verb ending -st, the /d/ is generally lost when the pronoun is unstressed. Thus hast du is pronounced [ˈhast‿u] even in purposefully enunciated speech.
- In colloquial speech, chiefly of northern and central Germany, the /d/ can be lost after any preceding coronal. Thus wenn du may be pronounced [ˈvɛn‿u] or [ˈvɛn‿ə].
Pronoun edit
du
Usage notes edit
- Du is the informal second person pronoun. In formal speech, the third person plural Sie (always capitalised) is used instead.
- A general rule of thumb is that du is used to address one's friends, relatives, and those under about 16 years of age. Du is always used to address children and non-human beings.
- Usage also depends on the setting: two unacquainted, middle-aged persons are likely to use du when they meet at social gatherings, but much less so when they happen on each other in the street. People under 30 often use du among each other, but they still use Sie when one of them is at work, e.g. in a shop (some cafés and most pubs are an exception).
- There is also a great deal of (often subtle) regional variation throughout the German-speaking world.
Declension edit
singular | plural | singular and plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 2nd person polite/formal | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du -e2 |
er | sie -se2 |
es | wir | ihr | sie -se2 |
Sie Ihr3 |
genitive | meiner mein3 |
deiner dein3 |
seiner sein3 |
ihrer | seiner sein3 |
unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer Euer3 |
dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen Euch3 |
accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie -se2 |
es | uns | euch | sie -se2 |
Sie Euch3 |
1These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters. 2enclitic, colloquial 3archaic
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
Gothic edit
Romanization edit
du
- Romanization of 𐌳𐌿
Gun edit
Alternative forms edit
- ɖù (Benin)
Etymology edit
From Proto-Gbe *ɖu. Cognates include Fon ɖù, Saxwe Gbe ɖù, Adja ɖù, Ewe ɖu
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
dù (Nigeria)
- to eat
- to bite
- Àgọ̀sú hò àvún dàhó dé bọ̀ àvún wá dù ví étọ̀n ― Agosu bought a certain big dog and the dog eventually bit his child
- to win
Derived terms edit
Hunsrik edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German and Old High German dū (akin to Old Saxon thū and English thou), itself from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
Inflection edit
nominative | accusative | dative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proclitic | Enclitic | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |
1st person singular | ich | -ich | mich | meer | mer | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | -du, -de | dich | deer | der | |
3rd person singular (m.) | er; där | -er | ihn | en | ihm | em |
3rd person singular (f.) | sie; die | -se | sie / ihns | se | eer | re |
3rd person singular (n.) | es; das | 's | es | ihm | em | |
1st person plural | meer | mer | uns | |||
2nd person plural | deer | der | eich | |||
3rd person plural | sie; die | -se | sie | se | denne |
Further reading edit
Ido edit
20 | ||
← 1 | 2 | 3 → |
---|---|---|
Cardinal: du Ordinal: duesma Adverbial: dufoye Multiplier: duopla Fractional: duima |
Etymology edit
From Esperanto du, from French deux, Spanish dos, Italian due, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Numeral edit
du
- two (2)
Kalasha edit
Etymology edit
From Sanskrit द्व (dva), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Hindi दो (do), Bhojpuri दू (dū), Konkani दोन (don).
Numeral edit
du
- two (2)
Lithuanian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Baltic *duwō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate to Latin duo.
Pronunciation edit
Numeral edit
< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : antras | ||
dù m (feminine dvì)
- two (2)
Declension edit
Lower Sorbian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person singular) and *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflected forms of *jьti.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
- inflection of hyś:
Synonyms edit
- (first-person singular): źom
Luxembourgish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *þū.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
Declension edit
nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | ||||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | de | dech | — | dir | der | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (formal) |
Dir | Der | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | ||
3rd person singular | m | hien | en | hien | en | him | em | sech | |
f | si | se | si | se | hir | er | sech | ||
n | hatt | et ('t) | hatt | et ('t) | him | em | sech | ||
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | ||
2nd person plural | dir | der | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | ||
3rd person plural | si | se | si | se | hinnen | en | sech |
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
du
- Nonstandard spelling of dū.
- Nonstandard spelling of dú.
- Nonstandard spelling of dǔ.
- Nonstandard spelling of dù.
Usage notes edit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Middle Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Old Dutch thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
Usage notes edit
This pronoun began to be replaced by gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, and eventually fell out of use altogether.
Inflection edit
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- “du”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E.; Verdam, J. (1885–1929), “du”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle English edit
Adjective edit
du
- Alternative form of dewe (“due”)
Middle High German edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old High German dū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronoun edit
du or dû
Inflection edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ich | mîn | mir | mich | |
Second | du, dû | dîn | dir | dich | ||
Third | Masculine | ër | sîn | im(e) | in | |
Feminine | siu (sî, si) | ir(e) | ir(e) | sie (sî, si) | ||
Neuter | ëȥ | es | im(e) | ëȥ | ||
Plural | First | wir | unser | uns | unsich, uns | |
Second | ir | iuwer | iu | iuch | ||
Third | Masculine | sie (sî, si) | ir(e) | in | sie (sî, si) | |
Feminine | ||||||
Neuter | siu, (sî, si) | siu (sî, si) |
Descendants edit
Middle Low German edit
Etymology edit
From Old Saxon thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
dû
Declension edit
nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
2nd person singular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
3rd person singular | |||||
m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
n | it (et) | ||||
f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
2nd person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here. |
Descendants edit
Mòcheno edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German du, from Old High German dū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū. Cognate with German du, archaic English thou (modern dialectal tha).
Pronoun edit
du
Inflection edit
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | ir |
3rd person | er, si, s | sei |
References edit
- “du” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Mokilese edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
- (intransitive) to sink
Derived terms edit
Norman edit
Etymology edit
From Latin dux, ducem.
Noun edit
du m
Related terms edit
North Frisian edit
Alternative forms edit
- düünj (Mooring)
Etymology edit
From Old Frisian dwā, from Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include West Frisian dwaan, English do.
Verb edit
du
- (Föhr-Amrum) to do
- (Föhr-Amrum) to give
Conjugation edit
infinitive I | du | |
---|---|---|
infinitive II | tu duen | |
past participle | den | |
imperative singular | du | |
imperative plural | du'em | |
present | past | |
1st-person singular | ik du | ik ded, diad |
2nd-person singular | dü deest | dü dedst, diadst |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at dee | hi/hat/at ded, diad |
1st-person dual | wat du | wat ded, diad |
2nd-person dual | jat du | jat ded, diad |
1st-person plural | wi du | wi ded, diad |
2nd-person plural | jam du | jam ded, diad |
3rd-person plural | jo du | jo ded, diad |
perfect | pluperfect | |
1st-person singular | ik haa den | ik hed den |
2nd-person singular | dü heest den | dü hedst den |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at hee den | hi/hat/at hed den |
1st-person dual | wat haa den | wat hed den |
2nd-person dual | jat haa den | jat hed den |
1st-person plural | wi haa den | wi hed den |
2nd-person plural | jam haa den | jam hed den |
3rd-person plural | jo haa den | jo hed den |
future (skel) | future (wel) | |
1st-person singular | ik skal du | ik wal du |
2nd-person singular | dü skääl du | dü wääl du |
3rd-person singular | hi/hat/at skal du | hi/hat/at wal du |
1st-person dual | wat skel du | wat wel du |
2nd-person dual | jat skel du | jat wel du |
1st-person plural | wi skel du | wi wel du |
2nd-person plural | jam skel du | jam wel du |
3rd-person plural | jo skel du | jo wel du |
Northern Kurdish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Iranian *dwáH (compare Persian دو (do), Pashto دوه (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwáH (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (do)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spanish dos, English two).
Numeral edit
Central Kurdish | دوو (dû) |
---|
du
- two (2)
Northern Sami edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
dū
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse þú (“you”), from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du (objective case deg)
Derived terms edit
- due (“to say 'you' to someone”)
Verb edit
du
- imperative of due
References edit
- “du” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
See also edit
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
feminine | masculine | neuter | plural | |||||
Singular | First | – | jeg | meg | mi | min | mitt | mine |
Second | general | du | deg | di | din | ditt | dine | |
formal (rare) | De | Dem | Deres | |||||
Third | feminine (person) | hun | henne | hennes | ||||
masculine (person) | han | ham / han | hans | |||||
feminine (noun) | den | dens | ||||||
masculine (noun) | ||||||||
neuter (noun) | det | dets | ||||||
reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine | ||
Plural | First | – | vi | oss | vår | vårt | våre | |
Second | general | dere | deres | |||||
formal (very rare) | De | Dem | Deres | |||||
Third | general | de | dem | deres | ||||
reflexive | – | seg | si | sin | sitt | sine |
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Akin to English thou.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du (objective case deg)
References edit
- “du” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
See also edit
person | first person | second person | reflexive | third person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
case | singular | singular masculine | singular feminine | singular neuter | ||
nominative | eg, je1 | du | han | ho | det, dat2 | |
accusative | meg | deg | seg | han, honom2 | ho, henne2 | det, dat2 |
dative2 | meg | deg | seg | honom | henne | di2 |
genitive | min | din | sin | hans | hennar, hennes1 | dess3 |
case | plural | |||||
nominative | me, vi | de, dokker | dei | |||
accusative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | dei, deim2 | ||
dative | oss, okk | dykk, dokker | seg | deim2 | ||
genitive | vår, okkar | dykkar, dokkar | sin | deira, deires1 |
Nupe edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
dù
- (of rain) to fall
- Ele è dù à ― It's not raining (literally, “Rain is not falling”)
Etymology 3 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
- to shake
Obokuitai edit
Noun edit
du
Further reading edit
Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages
Old French edit
Alternative forms edit
Contraction edit
du
Old High German edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
dū
- thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)
- 6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
- ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
frifridil / du / […]- frifridil / du / ...
frifridil / du / […] - [my] beloved, you / […]
- frifridil / du / ...
- 6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
Usage notes edit
Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in New High German (Modern German) Sie versus du. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in Late Old High German.
Inflection edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ih (ihha, ihcha) |
mīn | mir | mih | |
Second | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
Plural | First | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio | ||
Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu | ||
Polite form | Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
Descendants edit
- Middle High German: du
References edit
- Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
- Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, volume 7 (1976), pages 116–121
- Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)
Old Irish edit
Preposition edit
du
- Alternative form of do
Mutation edit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
du | du pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ |
ndu |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Pennsylvania German edit
Etymology edit
Compare German du, English thou, Swedish du.
Pronoun edit
du
Declension edit
singular | plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar |
2nd person polite/formal |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du de1 |
dihr der1 Sie |
er | sie se1 |
es | mir mer1 |
dihr der1 |
sie |
dative | mir mer1 |
dir der1 |
eich Ihne Ne1 |
ihm em1 |
ihre re1 |
ihm em1 |
uns | eich | ihne ne1 |
accusative | mich | dich | eich Sie |
ihn en1 |
sie se1 |
es | sie |
1unstressed
Pite Sami edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
See also edit
References edit
- Joshua Wilbur (2014) A grammar of Pite Saami, Berlin: Language Science Press
Romagnol edit
20 | ||
[a], [b] ← 1 | 2 | 3 → [a], [b] |
---|---|---|
Cardinal: du Ordinal: șgónd Multiplier: dópi Fractional: mëẓ |
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Ville Unite):
Numeral edit
du (feminine dó)
References edit
- Masotti, Adelmo (1996) Vocabolario Romagnolo Italiano [Romagnol-Italian dictionary] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, pages 189, 194
Romanian edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
Saterland Frisian edit
Etymology edit
From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du (oblique die)
Usage notes edit
- du is at times omitted when used with a verb.
See also edit
References edit
Scots edit
Pronoun edit
du (objective case dee, vocative dee, possessive determiner dines)
Sranan Tongo edit
Etymology edit
Verb edit
du
- to do
Noun edit
du
Sumerian edit
Romanization edit
du
- Romanization of 𒁺 (du)
Swedish edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Old Swedish þū, from Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
du
- you (subjective case, singular)
- Nisse, du är en liten groda
- Nisse, you are a small frog
- 1981, X Models (lyrics and music), “Två av oss [Two of us]”:
- Det finns bara en av mig och det är jag. Det finns bara en av dig och det är du. Det finns bara två av oss, och det är vi.
- There is only one of me and that is I. There is only one of you [object] and that is you [subject]. There are only two of us, and that is us [we – subject]. [Swedish has some of the same subject/object fuzziness as English, but a standalone "Det är <pronoun>" idiomatically (through intuition rather than being taught) uses the subject form]
- thou
- 1649, Jacobus Petri Chronander, Bele-Snack, Eller Een Ny Comœdia, act I, scene IV, page 40:
- TV Konstrijke Mästare, godt rådh giff,
Skall man nu skona thenna skelmens lijff?- THOU artful Master, good counsel give,
Should one now spare this scoundrel's life?
- THOU artful Master, good counsel give,
Usage notes edit
While du is the traditionally familiar mode of address, it is since the early '70s the standard in almost all circumstances, possibly capitalized in formal communications. This was the result of the so-called du-reformen.
Recently, use of the second-person plural pronoun ni as a less familiar (and thus more formal) pronoun has appeared to some extent, but mainly amongst shopkeepers towards customers.
The same pronoun ni has also been used historically as a formal way of address, but its use has (in particular in Sweden, not so much in Swedish-speaking parts of Finland) been restricted to addressing people of lower social status, whereby a plethora of different constructions were employed as to avoid the issue of pronouns whatsoever. See also the article about T-V distinction in Wikipedia.
Declension edit
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
singular | first | — | jag | mig, mej3 | min | mitt | mina |
second | — | du | dig, dej3 | din | ditt | dina | |
third | masculine (person) | han | honom, han2, en5 | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hon | henne, na5 | hennes | ||||
gender-neutral (person)1 | hen | hen, henom7 | hens | ||||
common (noun) | den | den | dess | ||||
neuter (noun) | det | det | dess | ||||
indefinite | man or en4 | en | ens | ||||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina | ||
plural | first | — | vi | oss | vår, våran2 | vårt, vårat2 | våra |
second | — | ni | er | er, eran2, ers6 | ert, erat2 | era | |
archaic | I | eder | eder, eders6 | edert | edra | ||
third | — | de, dom3 | dem, dom3 | deras | |||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina |
References edit
- du in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- du in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- du in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams edit
Tlingit edit
Pronoun edit
du
See also edit
Venetian edit
Etymology edit
Numeral edit
du m
Synonyms edit
Vietnamese edit
Etymology edit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 遊/游.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
Derived terms edit
References edit
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Brythonic *duβ, from Proto-Celtic *dubus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
Pronunciation edit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /dɨː/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /diː/
- Homophone: dŷ; (South Wales) di
- Rhymes: -ɨː
Adjective edit
du (feminine singular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)
- black
- Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
- He has a black mustache
Derived terms edit
- du a gwyn (“black and white; piebald”)
- twll du (“black hole”)
- tyngu'r du yn wyn (“to swear black is white”)
Related terms edit
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
du | ddu | nu | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also edit
gwyn | llwyd | du |
coch; rhudd | oren, melyngoch; brown | melyn; melynwyn |
melynwyrdd | gwyrdd | |
gwyrddlas; glaswyrdd | asur, gwynlas | glas |
fioled; indigo | majenta; porffor | pinc, rhuddwyn |
White Hmong edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
du
Yoruba edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
dù
Usage notes edit
- du before a direct object
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
du
- (Lagos, intransitive) to run, to sprint
- Synonym: sá
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
dú
- (intransitive, of a person or animal) to bleed
Derived terms edit
- ìdú (“the act of bleeding”)
Etymology 4 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
dú
Derived terms edit
- Adú (“A Yoruba nickname for someone who is dark in complextion”)
- adú (“something that is black”)
- dú láwọ̀ (“to have a black skin color”)
- dúdú (“black”)
- igbódú (“dark or dense forest”)
- Ilẹ̀ Adúláwọ̀ (“Africa”)
- ilẹ̀dú (“dark, nutrient rich soil”)
- èédú (“coal, charcoal”)
- òdú (“the plant American black nightshade”)