er
English edit
Pronunciation edit
- enPR: ûr, IPA(key): /ɜː/
Audio (Southern England) (file) - Rhymes: -ɜː
- Used in non-rhotic dialects. Compare uh.
Etymology 1 edit
Mimetic (sound of hesitation)
Interjection edit
er
- Said when hesitating in speech.
- 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:
- If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
- 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
- Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'
Verb edit
er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)
- (informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.
- He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
er (plural ers)
- The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.
Anagrams edit
Afrikaans edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R.
Alemannic German edit
Etymology edit
From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.
Pronoun edit
er m
Declension edit
nominative | accusative | dative | possessive m | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person singular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mier, mer | min, miin | |
2nd person singular | familiar | du | dich, di | dir, dier, der | din, diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene, -ne | Ire | ||
3rd person singular | m | er | in, en | im | sin, siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es, 's, -s | im | sin, siin | ||
1st person plural | mir, mer | üs, öis, ois, eus | üse, öise, oise, euse | ||
2nd person plural | ir, ier | öi, eu | öie, eure | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene, -ne | ire |
Bavarian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German er, from Old High German er (“he”). Cognate with German er.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er
See also edit
nominative | accusative | dative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | stressed | unstressed | ||
1st person singular | i | — | mi | — | mia (mir) | ma | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | — | di | — | dia (dir) | da | |
2nd person singular (formal) |
Sie | — | Eahna | — | Eahna | — | |
3rd person singular | m | er | a | eahm | 'n | eahm | 'n |
n | es, des | 's | des | 's | |||
f | se, de | 's | se | 's | ihr | — | |
1st person plural | mia (mir) | ma | uns | — | uns | — | |
2nd person plural | eß, ihr | — | enk, eich | — | enk, eich | — | |
3rd person plural | se | 's | eahna | — | eahna | — |
Breton edit
Contraction edit
er
Cimbrian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.
Pronoun edit
er
Inflection edit
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | iar |
3rd person | er, si, 'z | se |
References edit
- “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Cornish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish *irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).
Noun edit
Etymology 2 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun edit
er m (plural erys)
Etymology 3 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun edit
er
- Soft mutation of ger.
Crimean Tatar edit
Adjective edit
er
Czech edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
er n (indeclinable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R.
Further reading edit
Danish edit
Etymology edit
From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
er
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")
Adverb edit
er
- there (unspecific to distance)
- (with a preposition) it; him, her, them.
- Ik heb ermee gewerkt.
- I have worked with it/them.
- Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.
- You can see the mountains above it/them.
Usage notes edit
- Er is an unstressed variety of hier and daar, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
- With a preposition, er is used instead of hem, haar, het, ze to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.
Descendants edit
- Petjo: d'r
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).
Adverb edit
er
- (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)
- Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
- My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)
- Ik zie er geen meer.
- I don't see any more (of them).
- Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
Synonyms edit
Derived terms edit
See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs
Related terms edit
See also edit
Anagrams edit
Faroese edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
er
- third-person singular indicative present of vera
- Hann er skipari.
- He is a captain/skipper.
- Hon er úr Føroyum.
- She is from the Faroe Islands.
- Tað er í ordan.
- It's all right.
German edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er
- (personal) he.
- (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.(file)
- (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.(file)
- (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
- Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.
- Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
- 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2[1], page 27:
- Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
- Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.
- (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
Declension edit
singular | plural | singular and plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person familiar1 |
3rd person | 2nd person polite/formal | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du -e2 |
er | sie -se2 |
es | wir | ihr | sie -se2 |
Sie Ihr3 |
genitive | meiner mein3 |
deiner dein3 |
seiner sein3 |
ihrer | seiner sein3 |
unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer Euer3 |
dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen Euch3 |
accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie -se2 |
es | uns | euch | sie -se2 |
Sie Euch3 |
1These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters. 2enclitic, colloquial 3archaic
- In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
- for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
- with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
- Older forms/spellings include:
Derived terms edit
- hatter (hat er; colloquial)
Further reading edit
- “er” in Duden online
- “er” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
- “er” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Hunsrik edit
Alternative forms edit
- ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
Etymology edit
From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er
Inflection edit
nominative | accusative | dative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proclitic | Enclitic | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |
1st person singular | ich | -ich | mich | meer | mer | |
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | -du, -de | dich | deer | der | |
3rd person singular (m.) | er; där | -er | ihn | en | ihm | em |
3rd person singular (f.) | sie; die | -se | sie / ihns | se | eer | re |
3rd person singular (n.) | es; das | 's | es | ihm | em | |
1st person plural | meer | mer | uns | |||
2nd person plural | deer | der | eich | |||
3rd person plural | sie; die | -se | sie | se | denne |
Further reading edit
Icelandic edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.
Verb edit
er
Etymology 2 edit
Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).
Pronoun edit
er
- (relative) which
- (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
Conjunction edit
er
- (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
- Judges 2:19
- En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
- But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
- Þar er ég kom.
- There whence I came.
- Þá er myndin var búin.
- When the movie was finished.
- Judges 2:19
Derived terms edit
References edit
- "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
èr
- The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.
Synonyms edit
- ar (Standard Malay)
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) huruf; a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ki, er, es, te, u, ve, we, eks, ye, zet
Further reading edit
- “er” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Italian edit
Alternative forms edit
- 'r (after vowels)
Article edit
er m sg
Jamtish edit
Verb edit
er
Japanese edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
- (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
Kembra edit
Noun edit
er
Latin edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (“hedgehog”) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, “hedgehog”)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, be bristly”), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, “young pig”) and Albanian derr (“pig”) from *ǵʰór-yos.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension
Usage notes edit
There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.
Declension edit
Third-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ēr | ērēs |
Genitive | ēris | ērum |
Dative | ērī | ēribus |
Accusative | ērem | ērēs |
Ablative | ēre | ēribus |
Vocative | ēr | ērēs |
Related terms edit
- ēricius (“hedgehog; picket”)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
er f (indeclinable)
- The name of the letter R.
Usage notes edit
- Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, rē, rrr, ər, rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).
Coordinate terms edit
- (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta
References edit
- "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
Latvian edit
Pronunciation edit
(file) |
Noun edit
er m (invariable)
- The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.
See also edit
- Latvian letter names:
Low German edit
Pronoun edit
er
- Alternative spelling of ehr
Lower Sorbian edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
er m inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter r.
See also edit
Mambae edit
Noun edit
er
References edit
- Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
er
- Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
- Nonstandard spelling of ér.
- Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
- Nonstandard spelling of èr.
Usage notes edit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Manx edit
Etymology edit
Preposition edit
er
Inflection edit
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd m. | 3rd f. | 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
Normal | orrym | ort | er | urree | orrin | erriu | orroo |
Emphatic | orryms | orts | ersyn | urreeish | orrinyn | erriuish | orroosyn |
Pronoun edit
er
- third-person singular of er
Derived terms edit
- ersyn (emphatic)
Middle Dutch edit
Adverb edit
er
- unstressed form of dāer
Middle English edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
er
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- “ēr, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2020-05-25.
Etymology 2 edit
Determiner edit
er
- Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)
Pronoun edit
er
- Alternative form of hire (“hers”)
Etymology 3 edit
Pronoun edit
er
- Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)
Etymology 4 edit
Noun edit
er
- Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)
Etymology 5 edit
Determiner edit
er
- Alternative form of here (“their”)
Middle High German edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”).
Pronoun edit
ër
- (personal) he
Inflection edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ich | mîn | mir | mich | |
Second | du, dû | dîn | dir | dich | ||
Third | Masculine | ër | sîn | im(e) | in | |
Feminine | siu (sî, si) | ir(e) | ir(e) | sie (sî, si) | ||
Neuter | ëȥ | es | im(e) | ëȥ | ||
Plural | First | wir | unser | uns | unsich, uns | |
Second | ir | iuwer | iu | iuch | ||
Third | Masculine | sie (sî, si) | ir(e) | in | sie (sî, si) | |
Feminine | ||||||
Neuter | siu, (sî, si) | siu (sî, si) |
Descendants edit
- Alemannic German:
- Swabian: er, ear
- Swabian Jura: ear
- Bavarian: er
- Central Franconian:
- Moselle Franconian: er
- East Central German:
- German: er
- East Franconian: er, ea
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: er
- Yiddish: ער (er)
References edit
- Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke[3], Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
Mòcheno edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.
Pronoun edit
er
Inflection edit
Personal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
1st person | i | biar |
2nd person | du | ir |
3rd person | er, si, s | sei |
References edit
- “er” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
er
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
er
- is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera
- Eg er framand. ― I am a stranger.
- (auxiliary) be
- Boka er skriven. ― The book is written
- Bøkene er skrivne. ― The books are written.
References edit
- “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
- “er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)
Old Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.
Preposition edit
ēr
- before, earlier than
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- “ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Conjunction edit
ēr
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- “ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Adverb edit
ēr
- previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
- earlier, before a certain time or period
Descendants edit
- Middle Dutch: êer
Further reading edit
- “ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Old Frisian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
ēr
Preposition edit
ēr (+ dative)
- before (of time)
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ēr f
- Alternative form of ēre
References edit
- Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN
Old High German edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
ēr
Adverb edit
ēr
Conjunction edit
ēr
Preposition edit
ēr (+ dative)
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
ēr n
Descendants edit
Etymology 3 edit
From Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, “he”), Latin is (“he”).
Alternative forms edit
- her (northern)
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er
- he
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
- […] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein […]
- […] Are you prophet? and he responded no […]
- c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
Inflection edit
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | ih (ihha, ihcha) |
mīn | mir | mih | |
Second | dū | dīn | dir | dih | ||
Third | Masculine | er (her) | (sīn) | imu, imo | inan, in | |
Feminine | siu; sī, si | ira (iru, iro) | iru, iro | sia | ||
Neuter | iz | es, is | imu, imo | iz | ||
Plural | First | wir | unsēr | uns | unsih | |
Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih | ||
Third | Masculine | sie | iro | im, in | sie | |
Feminine | sio | iro | im, in | sio | ||
Neuter | siu | iro | im, in | siu | ||
Polite form | Second | ir | iuwēr | iu | iuwih |
Descendants edit
- Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)
References edit
- Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer
Old Norse edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology 1 edit
From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he; 3rd person personal pronoun”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).
Pronoun edit
er
- who, which, that
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
- en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr
- but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one
- verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
Conjunction edit
er
Descendants edit
Usage notes edit
- The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.
Etymology 2 edit
From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.
Verb edit
er
Usage notes edit
- See above; the same rules apply.
Descendants edit
- Icelandic: er
- Faroese: er
- Norwegian:
- Jamtish: er
- Elfdalian: ir
- Old Swedish: ær
- Swedish: är
- Danish: er
- Old Gutnish: ier
References edit
- "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Old Saxon edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.
Adjective edit
ēr
Declension edit
Strong declension | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
case | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural |
nominative | ēr | ēre, ēra | ēr | ēra | ēr | ēr, ēra |
accusative | ēran, ēren | ēra, ēre | ēra | ēra | ēr | ēr, ēra |
genitive | ēres, ēras | ēraro, ēroro, ērero | ērara, ēraro | ēraro, ēroro, ērero | ēres, ēras | ēraro, ēroro, ērero |
dative | ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran | ērun, ēron, ērum | ēraro, ēraru, ērara | ērun, ēron | ērumu, ērum, ērun, ērun, ēron, ēren, ēran | ērun, ēron, ērum |
Weak declension | ||||||
gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | |||
case | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural |
nominative | ēro, ēra | ēron, ērun | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun, ēran | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun |
accusative | ēron, ēran | ēron, ērun | ērun, ēron, ēran | ēron, ērun, ēran | ēra, ēre | ēron, ērun |
genitive | ēren, ēran | ērono, ēreno | ērun, ēran, ēren | ērono | ēren, ēran | ērono, ēreno |
dative | ēron, ēren, ēran | ēron, ērun | ērun, ēran | ēron, ērun | ēron, ēren, ēran | ēron, ērun |
Adverb edit
ēr
Conjunction edit
ēr
Preposition edit
ēr (+ dative)
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.
Noun edit
ēr ?
Descendants edit
- Middle Low German: ēr
Etymology 3 edit
From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).
Noun edit
ēr m
Old Tupi edit
Etymology edit
Back-formation from era (“name”).[1]
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “era”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil (in Portuguese), 1 edition, São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 109, column 1
Palauan edit
Preposition edit
er
- Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.
- el mo er a medad ― in the future.
- er a elecha el tutau ― this morning.
- rakket er a tenis ― tennis racket.
References edit
- er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
- er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
- er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.
Pennsylvania German edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er
Declension edit
singular | plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person familiar |
2nd person polite/formal |
3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
m | f | n | |||||||
nominative | ich | du de1 |
dihr der1 Sie |
er | sie se1 |
es | mir mer1 |
dihr der1 |
sie |
dative | mir mer1 |
dir der1 |
eich Ihne Ne1 |
ihm em1 |
ihre re1 |
ihm em1 |
uns | eich | ihne ne1 |
accusative | mich | dich | eich Sie |
ihn en1 |
sie se1 |
es | sie |
1unstressed
Polish edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
er f
Salar edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Turkic erür.
Noun edit
er
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
er
Etymology 3 edit
Adjective edit
er
- (Mengda, Ejia) early
Adverb edit
er
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
- 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader][4], 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 (Social Science Literature Press), →ISBN, page 105
- 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
- 林 (Lin), 莲云 (Lianyun) (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar][5], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 33
- Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary], 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103
Saterland Frisian edit
Etymology edit
From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er
- unstressed form of hie (“he”)
See also edit
References edit
Scots edit
Etymology 1 edit
Verb edit
er
- (South Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
- (South Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
- (South Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be
- A'm er so!
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Usage notes edit
Used emphatically. See ir.
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
er (plural ers)
References edit
- “er, n.4” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)
- you (plural, object)
- Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
- (possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
- (reflexive) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves
- Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?
- Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?
Usage notes edit
- See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
- Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (“Your Majesty”) and Ers Höghet (“Your Highness”).
Declension edit
Number | Person | Type | Nominative | Oblique | Possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | plural | |||||
singular | first | — | jag | mig, mej3 | min | mitt | mina |
second | — | du | dig, dej3 | din | ditt | dina | |
third | masculine (person) | han | honom, han2, en5 | hans | |||
feminine (person) | hon | henne, na5 | hennes | ||||
gender-neutral (person)1 | hen | hen, henom7 | hens | ||||
common (noun) | den | den | dess | ||||
neuter (noun) | det | det | dess | ||||
indefinite | man or en4 | en | ens | ||||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina | ||
plural | first | — | vi | oss | vår, våran2 | vårt, vårat2 | våra |
second | — | ni | er | er, eran2, ers6 | ert, erat2 | era | |
archaic | I | eder | eder, eders6 | edert | edra | ||
third | — | de, dom3 | dem, dom3 | deras | |||
reflexive | — | sig, sej3 | sin | sitt | sina |
Anagrams edit
Turkish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (“early”). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).
Adjective edit
er
Etymology 2 edit
From Ottoman Turkish ار, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (“man”). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).
Noun edit
er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)
Declension edit
Inflection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Nominative | er | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | eri | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | er | erler | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definite accusative | eri | erleri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dative | ere | erlere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | erde | erlerde | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ablative | erden | erlerden | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | erin | erlerin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Etymology 3 edit
Verb edit
er
Uzbek edit
Other scripts | |
---|---|
Cyrillic | эр (er) |
Latin | |
Perso-Arabic |
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.
Noun edit
er (plural erlar)
Derived terms edit
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). Compare Cornish er (“for, by”), Ancient Greek περί (perí, “about, peri-”), Latin per (“through”).[1]
Conjunction edit
er
- although
- 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
- Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.
- Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.
- 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
- Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …
- I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …
Preposition edit
er (triggers soft mutation)
- (literary) since
- Synonym: ers
- (archaic) in spite of, despite
- Synonym: er gwaethaf
- (archaic) in order to
- (archaic) for the sake of
- Synonym: er mwyn
- (obsolete) because of
- (obsolete) for, in exchange for
- Synonym: am
- (obsolete) resulting in
- (obsolete) through
Usage notes edit
- In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.
- Saif y castell yma er 1284.
- The castle has stood here since 1284.
- Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.
- The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.
- Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
- Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.
- The castle has been here for centuries.
- In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.
Derived terms edit
- er mwyn (“for the sake of; in order to”)
- er gwaethaf (“despite”)
- ers (“since”)
Inflection edit
Etymology 2 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun edit
er f (plural eriau)
- The name of the Latin-script letter R.
See also edit
- (Latin-script letter names) llythyren; a, bi, ec, èch, di, èdd, e, èf, èff, èg, eng, aetsh, i / i dot, je, ce, el, èll, em, en, o, pi, ffi, ciw, er, rhi, ès, ti, èth, u / u bedol / u gwpan, fi, w, ecs, y, sèd
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
er | unchanged | unchanged | her |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References edit
West Frisian edit
Pronoun edit
er
- clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.