tom
English edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From generic use of the proper name Tom.
Noun edit
tom (plural toms)
- The intact male of the domesticated cat.
- The male of the turkey.
- The male of the orangutan.
- The male of certain other animals.
- (UK, slang, dated) A female prostitute.
- (US, slang) A lesbian.
- (music) Clipping of tom-tom.
- (obsolete) The jack of trumps in the card game gleek.
- (UK, regional, obsolete) A close-stool.
Synonyms edit
- (male cat): tomcat, he-cat
- (male turkey): turkey-cock
- (male of other animals): male
- (prostitute): See also Thesaurus:prostitute
Coordinate terms edit
(intact male cat):
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
|
Etymology 2 edit
Shortened from tomato
Noun edit
tom (plural toms)
- (British, greengrocers' slang) A tomato (the fruit).
- Toms 90p a pound
- 2009, Mark Penny, Jonathan Penny, The Golden Pig, page 160:
- “I'd like sausage, eggs, bacon, toms, mushies, beans – oh, and some fried bread,” said Mike.
Etymology 3 edit
Rhyming slang from tomfoolery.
Noun edit
tom (uncountable)
Etymology 4 edit
From Uncle Tom.
Verb edit
tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)
- (intransitive, derogatory, of a black person) To act in an obsequiously servile manner toward white authority.
Etymology 5 edit
Verb edit
tom (third-person singular simple present toms, present participle tomming, simple past and past participle tommed)
- (nautical) To dig out a hole below the hatch cover of a bulker and fill it with cargo or weights to aid stability.
See also edit
Anagrams edit
Czech edit
Pronunciation edit
Pronoun edit
tom
Danish edit
Etymology edit
From Old Norse tómr, from Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
tom (neuter tomt, plural and definite singular attributive tomme)
References edit
- “tom” in Den Danske Ordbog
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tom
Declension edit
Inflection of tom (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | tom | tomit | ||
genitive | tomin | tomien | ||
partitive | tomia | tomeja | ||
illative | tomiin | tomeihin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | tom | tomit | ||
accusative | nom. | tom | tomit | |
gen. | tomin | |||
genitive | tomin | tomien | ||
partitive | tomia | tomeja | ||
inessive | tomissa | tomeissa | ||
elative | tomista | tomeista | ||
illative | tomiin | tomeihin | ||
adessive | tomilla | tomeilla | ||
ablative | tomilta | tomeilta | ||
allative | tomille | tomeille | ||
essive | tomina | tomeina | ||
translative | tomiksi | tomeiksi | ||
abessive | tomitta | tomeitta | ||
instructive | — | tomein | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Irish edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Munster) IPA(key): /t̪ˠoumˠ/
- (Galway) IPA(key): /t̪ˠuːmˠ/
- (Mayo) IPA(key): /t̪ˠʊmˠ/
- (Ulster) IPA(key): /t̪ˠʌmˠ/[1]
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Irish tomm (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”), from Proto-Indo-European *tum- (“mound”).
Noun edit
tom m (genitive singular toim, nominative plural toim or tomacha)
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
- tomach (“bushy; tufted”)
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
tom m (genitive singular toma, nominative plural tomanna)
- Alternative form of taom (“fit, paroxysm”)
Declension edit
Etymology 3 edit
Verb edit
tom (present analytic tomann, future analytic tomfaidh, verbal noun tomadh, past participle tomtha)
- Alternative form of tum (“dip, immerse”)
Conjugation edit
singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
indicative | present | tomaim | tomann tú; tomair† |
tomann sé, sí | tomaimid | tomann sibh | tomann siad; tomaid† |
a thomann; a thomas / a dtomann*; a dtomas* |
tomtar |
past | thom mé; thomas | thom tú; thomais | thom sé, sí | thomamar; thom muid | thom sibh; thomabhair | thom siad; thomadar | a thom / ar thom* |
tomadh | |
past habitual | thomainn / dtomainn‡‡ | thomtá / dtomtᇇ | thomadh sé, sí / dtomadh sé, s퇇 | thomaimis; thomadh muid / dtomaimis‡‡; dtomadh muid‡‡ | thomadh sibh / dtomadh sibh‡‡ | thomaidís; thomadh siad / dtomaidís‡‡; dtomadh siad‡‡ | a thomadh / a dtomadh* |
thomtaí / dtomta퇇 | |
future | tomfaidh mé; tomfad |
tomfaidh tú; tomfair† |
tomfaidh sé, sí | tomfaimid; tomfaidh muid |
tomfaidh sibh | tomfaidh siad; tomfaid† |
a thomfaidh; a thomfas / a dtomfaidh*; a dtomfas* |
tomfar | |
conditional | thomfainn / dtomfainn‡‡ | thomfá / dtomfᇇ | thomfadh sé, sí / dtomfadh sé, s퇇 | thomfaimis; thomfadh muid / dtomfaimis‡‡; dtomfadh muid‡‡ | thomfadh sibh / dtomfadh sibh‡‡ | thomfaidís; thomfadh siad / dtomfaidís‡‡; dtomfadh siad‡‡ | a thomfadh / a dtomfadh* |
thomfaí / dtomfa퇇 | |
subjunctive | present | go dtoma mé; go dtomad† |
go dtoma tú; go dtomair† |
go dtoma sé, sí | go dtomaimid; go dtoma muid |
go dtoma sibh | go dtoma siad; go dtomaid† |
— | go dtomtar |
past | dá dtomainn | dá dtomtá | dá dtomadh sé, sí | dá dtomaimis; dá dtomadh muid |
dá dtomadh sibh | dá dtomaidís; dá dtomadh siad |
— | dá dtomtaí | |
imperative | tomaim | tom | tomadh sé, sí | tomaimis | tomaigí; tomaidh† |
tomaidís | — | tomtar | |
verbal noun | tomadh | ||||||||
past participle | tomtha |
* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Mutation edit
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
tom | thom | dtom |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References edit
- ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 291, page 104
Javanese edit
Javanese writing system | |
---|---|
Carakan | ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ |
Roman | tom |
Etymology edit
From Old Javanese tom, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.
Noun edit
tom
- indigo (plant)
Descendants edit
- → Ternate: tom
Further reading edit
- The Linguistic Center of Yogyakarta (2015) “tom”, in Kamus Basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa) [Javanese Language Dictionary (Javanese Dictionary)] (in Javanese), Yogyakarta: Kanisius, →ISBN
Komo edit
Noun edit
tom
Lower Sorbian edit
Pronunciation edit
Determiner edit
tom
Maranao edit
Noun edit
tom
- human body louse
Middle English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Adjective edit
tom
- Alternative form of tome (“empty”)
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
tom (uncountable)
- Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)
Etymology 3 edit
Adjective edit
tom
- (Southwest, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of tame (“tame”)
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology edit
Adjective edit
tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommere, indefinite superlative tommest, definite superlative tommeste)
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
References edit
- “tom” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
tom (neuter singular tomt, definite singular and plural tomme, comparative tommare, indefinite superlative tommast, definite superlative tommaste)
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
tom m (definite singular tommen, indefinite plural tommar, definite plural tommane)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- “tom” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Anagrams edit
Oksapmin edit
Noun edit
tom
References edit
- Robyn Loughnane, A Grammar of Oksapmin (April 2009), page 58
Old English edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“empty”). Akin to Old Norse tómr (“empty”), whence Icelandic tómur (“empty”).
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
tōm
- empty
- (figuratively) free from
- Ðæt hīe mōstun mānweorca tōme lifgan and tīres blǣd ēcne āgan.
- That they might live free from wicked works and own the eternal reward of glory.
Declension edit
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | tōm | tōm | tōm |
Accusative | tōmne | tōme | tōm |
Genitive | tōmes | tōmre | tōmes |
Dative | tōmum | tōmre | tōmum |
Instrumental | tōme | tōmre | tōme |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | tōme | tōma, tōme | tōm |
Accusative | tōme | tōma, tōme | tōm |
Genitive | tōmra | tōmra | tōmra |
Dative | tōmum | tōmum | tōmum |
Instrumental | tōmum | tōmum | tōmum |
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | tōma | tōme | tōme |
Accusative | tōman | tōman | tōme |
Genitive | tōman | tōman | tōman |
Dative | tōman | tōman | tōman |
Instrumental | tōman | tōman | tōman |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
Nominative | tōman | tōman | tōman |
Accusative | tōman | tōman | tōman |
Genitive | tōmra, tōmena | tōmra, tōmena | tōmra, tōmena |
Dative | tōmum | tōmum | tōmum |
Instrumental | tōmum | tōmum | tōmum |
Descendants edit
Old Javanese edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum.
Noun edit
tom
- indigo (plant)
Descendants edit
References edit
- "tom" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.
Polish edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Latin tomus, from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tom m inan (diminutive tomik, augmentative tomisko or tomiszcze)
Declension edit
Further reading edit
Portuguese edit
Etymology edit
Probably a semi-learned borrowing from Latin tonus (and influenced by som; compare the Spanish ton, variant of the standard tono, which underwent a similar change, influenced by son, respectively), from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos, “tone”), from τείνω (teínō, “to stretch”). Cf. also trom, a possible doublet.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tom m (plural tons)
- tone or pitch (property of sound determined by the frequency)
- (music) tone (interval of a major second)
- (music) key
See also edit
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from French tome, from Latin tomus.
Noun edit
tom n (plural tomuri)
Declension edit
Scottish Gaelic edit
Etymology edit
From Old Irish tom (“bush, tuft; hillock, knoll”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Slovene edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tọ̑m m inan
Inflection edit
Masculine inan., hard o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | tóm | ||
gen. sing. | tóma | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
tóm | tóma | tómi |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
tóma | tómov | tómov |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
tómu | tómoma | tómom |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
tóm | tóma | tóme |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
tómu | tómih | tómih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
tómom | tómoma | tómi |
See also edit
Further reading edit
- “tom”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Swedish edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
tom (comparative tommare, superlative tommast)
- empty
- tomma tunnor skramlar mest
- empty barrels make the most noise (those who complain most vigorously, are the least important)
Declension edit
Inflection of tom | |||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative2 |
Common singular | tom | tommare | tommast |
Neuter singular | tomt | tommare | tommast |
Plural | tomma | tommare | tommast |
Masculine plural3 | tomme | tommare | tommast |
Definite | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
Masculine singular1 | tomme | tommare | tommaste |
All | tomma | tommare | tommaste |
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. 3) Dated or archaic |
Antonyms edit
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Used in Swedish since 1697. From French tome, Latin tomus (“section of larger work”), from Ancient Greek τόμος (tómos, “section, roll of papyrus, volume”), from τέμνω (témnō, “I cut, separate”). Cognate with English tome.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tom c
Declension edit
Declension of tom | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | tom | tomen | tomer | tomerna |
Genitive | toms | tomens | tomers | tomernas |
Derived terms edit
References edit
Anagrams edit
Ternate edit
Etymology edit
From Javanese ꦠꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (tom), from Old Javanese tom.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tom (Jawi توم)
References edit
- Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”). Compare Middle Irish tomm (“clump, hill”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
tom m or f (plural tomau)
Derived terms edit
- tomen (“dunghill”)
Mutation edit
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
tom | dom | nhom | thom |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “tom”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
White Hmong edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Hmong-Mien *dəp (“to bite”); compare Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ketep (“id”), whence Indonesian ketip (“dime, dite”).[1]
Verb edit
tom
- to bite
Etymology 2 edit
Preposition edit
tom
References edit
- Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary[1], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, pages 322-3.
- ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 237; 283.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101031002604/http://wold.livingsources.org/vocabulary/25
Zuni edit
Pronoun edit
tom
- Second person singular possessive (medial position)
- Second person singular object