שבת

Aramaic

Verb

שְׁבַת • (šəḇaṯ)

1. rest; observe the Sabbath

Noun

שַׁבַּת • (šabbaṯ)

1. singular construct state of שבתא‎

Hebrew

Etymology 1

Root
שׁ־ב־ת‎ (š-b-t)

Possibly from Akkadian 𒊭𒉺𒀜𒌈 (šapattum, “the middle day of the lunar month”).

Pronunciation

• (Modern Israeli Hebrew) IPA^(key): [ʃaˈbat]
• (Ashkenazi Hebrew) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈbɔs/, /ˈʃabɔs/
• (Yemenite Hebrew) IPA^(key): /ʃæbˈbɔːθ/
• (Tiberian Hebrew) IPA^(key): [ʃabˈbɔːθ]

Noun

שַׁבָּת • (shabát) f (plural indefinite שַׁבָּתוֹת‎)

1. Shabbat, Sabbath; weekly day of rest
   • בראשית רבה, יז ה

     ‏רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר יִצְחָק אָמַר: ג׳ נוֹבְלוֹת הֵן: נוֹבֶלֶת מִיתָה שֵׁינָה, נוֹבֶלֶת נְבוּאָה חֲלוֹם, נוֹבֶלֶת הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שַׁבָּת.‎‎

     They are three samples: a sample of death is sleep, a sample of prophecy is dream, a sample of the world-to-come is the Sabbath.

2. Saturday
3. (archaic) week (Mishnaic Hebrew)

Derived terms

• מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת‎ (motsa'éi shabát)
• שַׁבָּתוֹן‎ (shabatón)
• שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם‎ (shabát shalóm)
• שׁוֹמֵר שַׁבָּת‎ (shomér shabát)

Descendants

• → Ancient Greek: σάββατον (sábbaton, “Sabbath”)
  • Greek: Σάββατο (Sávvato)
  • Byzantine Greek: *σάμβατον (*sámbaton)
    • Italiot Greek: samba
    • → Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ (sabbaton)
    • → Gothic: *𐍃𐌰𐌼𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (*sambatō)
      • Old High German: sambaztag (see there for further descendants)
    • → Latin: *sambatum (see there for further descendants)
    • → Proto-Slavic: *sǫbota (see there for further descendants)
  • → Gothic: 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍉 (sabbatō)
  • → Romani: sàvato
  • → Old Armenian: սաբբատ (sabbat), սաբատ (sabat)
  • → Mingrelian: საბატონი (sabaṭoni) (see there for further descendants)
  • → Latin: sabbatum (see there for further descendants)
  • → Laz: საბატონი (sabaťoni)
• → Arabic: السَّبْت‎ (as-sabt)
• → Classical Syriac: ܫܒܬܐ‎ (šabbəṯā)
  • → Old Armenian: շաբաթ (šabatʿ) (see there for further descendants)
• → Dutch: sjabbat
• → English: Shabbat
• → French: chabbat, shabbat
• → Georgian: შაბაში (šabaši)
• → German: Schabbat, Schabbath
• → Norwegian: sabbat
• → Polish: szabat
• → Romanian: Șabat
• → Russian: Шабба́т (Šabbát)
• → Yiddish: שבת‎ (shabes)
  • → Czech: šábes
  • → Dutch: sjabbes
  • → English: Shabbos
  • → German: Schabbes
  • → Hungarian: sábesz
  • → Polish: szabas
  • → Swedish: shabbes

References

• H7676 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible

Verb

שָׁבַת • (shavát) (pa'al construction, future ישבות / יִשְׁבֹּת‎)

1. to stop working, to rest
   • Genesis 2:2-3, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:

     ‏וַיְכַל אֱלֹהִים בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וַיִּשְׁבֹּת בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה׃ וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת־יוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים לַעֲשׂוֹת׃‎‎

     vay'khál 'elohím bayóm hash'vi'í m'lakhtó 'ashér 'asá vayishbót bayóm hash'vi'í mikol-m'lakhtó 'ashér 'asá. vay'várekh 'elohím 'et-yóm hash'vi'í vay'kadésh 'otó kí vó shavát mikol-m'lakhtó 'asher-bará 'elohím la'asót.
     wayəḵal ʾĕlōhīm bayyōm haššəḇīʿī məlaḵtō ʾăšer ʿāśā wayyišbōṯ bayyōm haššəḇīʿī mikkol-məlaḵtō ʾăšer ʿāśā. wayəḇā́reḵ ʾĕlōhīm ʾeṯ-yōm haššəḇīʿī wayəqaddēš ʾōṯō kī ḇō šāḇaṯ mikkol-məlaḵtō ʾăšer-bārā ʾĕlōhīm laʿăśōṯ.

     And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it; because that in it He rested from all His work which God in creating had made.

2. to go on strike

Conjugation

Conjugation of שָׁבַת (see also Appendix:Hebrew verbs) 

non-finite forms		to-infinitive: לשבות / לִשְׁבֹּת‎ action noun: שְׁבִיתָה‎ passive participle: —
finite forms		singular		plural
		m.	f.	m.	f.
past	first	שבתתי / שָׁבַתִּי‎		שָׁבַתְנוּ‎
	second	שבתת / שָׁבַתָּ‎	שבתת / שָׁבַתְּ‎	שבתתם / שְׁבַתֶּם‎1	שבתתן / שְׁבַתֶּן‎1
	third	שָׁבַת	שָׁבְתָה‎	שָׁבְתוּ‎
present		שׁוֹבֵת‎	שׁוֹבֶתֶת‎	שׁוֹבְתִים‎	שׁוֹבְתוֹת‎
future	first	אשבות / אֶשְׁבֹּת‎		נשבות / נִשְׁבֹּת‎
	second	תשבות / תִּשְׁבֹּת‎	תִּשְׁבְּתִי‎	תִּשְׁבְּתוּ‎	תשבותנה / תִּשְׁבֹּתְנָה‎2
	third	ישבות / יִשְׁבֹּת‎	תשבות / תִּשְׁבֹּת‎	יִשְׁבְּתוּ‎	תשבותנה / תִּשְׁבֹּתְנָה‎2
imperative		שבות / שְׁבֹת‎	שִׁבְתִי‎	שִׁבְתוּ‎	שבותנה / שְׁבֹתְנָה‎2
notes		Pronounced שבתתם / שָׁבַתֶּם‎ and שבתתן / שָׁבַתֶּן‎ in informal Modern Hebrew. Rare in Modern Hebrew.

Derived terms

• שְׁבִיתָה‎ (sh'vitá)

Etymology 2

Root
י־שׁ־ב‎ (y-š-b)

Verb

שֶׁבֶת • (shévet)

1. bare infinitive (infinitive construct or gerund) of יָשַׁב‎ (yasháv)

Yiddish

Etymology

From Hebrew שַׁבָּת‎ (shabát).

Pronunciation

• (YIVO, Litvish, Poylish) IPA^(key): [ˈʃa.bəs]
• (Ukraynish) IPA^(key): [ˈʃɔ.bəs]

Noun

שבת • (shabes) m, plural שבתים‎ (shabosem)

1. Saturday
2. Sabbath, Shabbat

Derived terms

• אַ גוטן שבת‎ (a gutn shabes)
• גוט שבת‎ (gut shabes)
• שבתדיק‎ (shabesdik)

Descendants

• → Czech: šábes
• → Dutch: sjabbes
• → English: Shabbos
• → German: Schabbes
• → Hungarian: sábesz
• → Polish: szabas
• → Swedish: shabbes

See also

• (days of the week) די טעג פֿון דער וואָך‎ (di teg fun der vokh)‎; זונטיק‎ (zuntik)‎, מאָנטיק‎ (montik)‎, דינסטיק‎ (dinstik)‎, מיטוואָך‎ (mitvokh)‎, דאָנערשטיק‎ (donershtik)‎, פֿרײַטיק‎ (fraytik)‎, שבת‎ (shabes) ^{(Category: yi:Days of the week)}