قوم

See also: ق و م

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
ق و م (q w m)
28 terms

Compare قَامَ (qāma, “to rise”).

Verb

قَوَّمَ • (qawwama) II (non-past يُقَوِّمُ (yuqawwimu), verbal noun تَقْوِيم (taqwīm))

1. (transitive) to raise
2. (transitive) to evaluate
3. (transitive) to adjust

Conjugation

Conjugation of قَوَّمَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَقْوِيم)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						تَقْوِيم taqwīm
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						مُقَوِّم muqawwim
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول						مُقَوَّم muqawwam
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قَوَّمْتُ qawwamtu	قَوَّمْتَ qawwamta	قَوَّمَ qawwama		قَوَّمْتُمَا qawwamtumā	قَوَّمَا qawwamā		قَوَّمْنَا qawwamnā	قَوَّمْتُمْ qawwamtum	قَوَّمُوا qawwamū
	f		قَوَّمْتِ qawwamti	قَوَّمَتْ qawwamat			قَوَّمَتَا qawwamatā			قَوَّمْتُنَّ qawwamtunna	قَوَّمْنَ qawwamna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُقَوِّمُ ʔuqawwimu	تُقَوِّمُ tuqawwimu	يُقَوِّمُ yuqawwimu		تُقَوِّمَانِ tuqawwimāni	يُقَوِّمَانِ yuqawwimāni		نُقَوِّمُ nuqawwimu	تُقَوِّمُونَ tuqawwimūna	يُقَوِّمُونَ yuqawwimūna
	f		تُقَوِّمِينَ tuqawwimīna	تُقَوِّمُ tuqawwimu			تُقَوِّمَانِ tuqawwimāni			تُقَوِّمْنَ tuqawwimna	يُقَوِّمْنَ yuqawwimna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُقَوِّمَ ʔuqawwima	تُقَوِّمَ tuqawwima	يُقَوِّمَ yuqawwima		تُقَوِّمَا tuqawwimā	يُقَوِّمَا yuqawwimā		نُقَوِّمَ nuqawwima	تُقَوِّمُوا tuqawwimū	يُقَوِّمُوا yuqawwimū
	f		تُقَوِّمِي tuqawwimī	تُقَوِّمَ tuqawwima			تُقَوِّمَا tuqawwimā			تُقَوِّمْنَ tuqawwimna	يُقَوِّمْنَ yuqawwimna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُقَوِّمْ ʔuqawwim	تُقَوِّمْ tuqawwim	يُقَوِّمْ yuqawwim		تُقَوِّمَا tuqawwimā	يُقَوِّمَا yuqawwimā		نُقَوِّمْ nuqawwim	تُقَوِّمُوا tuqawwimū	يُقَوِّمُوا yuqawwimū
	f		تُقَوِّمِي tuqawwimī	تُقَوِّمْ tuqawwim			تُقَوِّمَا tuqawwimā			تُقَوِّمْنَ tuqawwimna	يُقَوِّمْنَ yuqawwimna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		قَوِّمْ qawwim			قَوِّمَا qawwimā				قَوِّمُوا qawwimū
	f		قَوِّمِي qawwimī							قَوِّمْنَ qawwimna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	قُوِّمْتُ quwwimtu	قُوِّمْتَ quwwimta	قُوِّمَ quwwima		قُوِّمْتُمَا quwwimtumā	قُوِّمَا quwwimā		قُوِّمْنَا quwwimnā	قُوِّمْتُمْ quwwimtum	قُوِّمُوا quwwimū
	f		قُوِّمْتِ quwwimti	قُوِّمَتْ quwwimat			قُوِّمَتَا quwwimatā			قُوِّمْتُنَّ quwwimtunna	قُوِّمْنَ quwwimna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُقَوَّمُ ʔuqawwamu	تُقَوَّمُ tuqawwamu	يُقَوَّمُ yuqawwamu		تُقَوَّمَانِ tuqawwamāni	يُقَوَّمَانِ yuqawwamāni		نُقَوَّمُ nuqawwamu	تُقَوَّمُونَ tuqawwamūna	يُقَوَّمُونَ yuqawwamūna
	f		تُقَوَّمِينَ tuqawwamīna	تُقَوَّمُ tuqawwamu			تُقَوَّمَانِ tuqawwamāni			تُقَوَّمْنَ tuqawwamna	يُقَوَّمْنَ yuqawwamna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُقَوَّمَ ʔuqawwama	تُقَوَّمَ tuqawwama	يُقَوَّمَ yuqawwama		تُقَوَّمَا tuqawwamā	يُقَوَّمَا yuqawwamā		نُقَوَّمَ nuqawwama	تُقَوَّمُوا tuqawwamū	يُقَوَّمُوا yuqawwamū
	f		تُقَوَّمِي tuqawwamī	تُقَوَّمَ tuqawwama			تُقَوَّمَا tuqawwamā			تُقَوَّمْنَ tuqawwamna	يُقَوَّمْنَ yuqawwamna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُقَوَّمْ ʔuqawwam	تُقَوَّمْ tuqawwam	يُقَوَّمْ yuqawwam		تُقَوَّمَا tuqawwamā	يُقَوَّمَا yuqawwamā		نُقَوَّمْ nuqawwam	تُقَوَّمُوا tuqawwamū	يُقَوَّمُوا yuqawwamū
	f		تُقَوَّمِي tuqawwamī	تُقَوَّمْ tuqawwam			تُقَوَّمَا tuqawwamā			تُقَوَّمْنَ tuqawwamna	يُقَوَّمْنَ yuqawwamna

References

• Mace, John (2007) “قوم”, in Arabic Verbs, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., →ISBN

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qawm/

Noun

قَوْم • (qawm) m

1. verbal noun of قَامَ (qāma, “to get up”) (form I)
2. standing up, rising, placing upright, remaining, abiding
3. state, polity

Declension

Declension of noun قَوْم (qawm)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	قَوْم qawm	الْقَوْم al-qawm	قَوْم qawm
nominative	قَوْمٌ qawmun	الْقَوْمُ al-qawmu	قَوْمُ qawmu
accusative	قَوْمًا qawman	الْقَوْمَ al-qawma	قَوْمَ qawma
genitive	قَوْمٍ qawmin	الْقَوْمِ al-qawmi	قَوْمِ qawmi

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Noun

قَوْم • (qawm) m (plural أَقْوَام (ʔaqwām))

1. people, nation, tribe, folk
2. some people, someone, a certain
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 28:21:

     فَخَرَجَ مِنْهَا خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ قَالَ رَبِّ نَجِّنِي مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ

     faḵaraja minhā ḵāʔifan yataraqqabu qāla rabbi najjinī mina l-qawmi ẓ-ẓālimīna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (group of) men
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 49:11:

     يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِّن قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِّن نِّسَاءٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِّنْهُنَّ

     yā ʔayyuhā llaḏīna ʔāmanū lā yasḵar qawmun min qawmin ʕasā ʔan yakūnū ḵayran minhum walā nisāʔun min nisāʔin ʕasā ʔan yakunna ḵayran minhunna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. family
5. sect

Declension

Declension of noun قَوْم (qawm)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	قَوْم qawm	الْقَوْم al-qawm	قَوْم qawm
nominative	قَوْمٌ qawmun	الْقَوْمُ al-qawmu	قَوْمُ qawmu
accusative	قَوْمًا qawman	الْقَوْمَ al-qawma	قَوْمَ qawma
genitive	قَوْمٍ qawmin	الْقَوْمِ al-qawmi	قَوْمِ qawmi
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	قَوْمَيْن qawmayn	الْقَوْمَيْن al-qawmayn	قَوْمَيْ qawmay
nominative	قَوْمَانِ qawmāni	الْقَوْمَانِ al-qawmāni	قَوْمَا qawmā
accusative	قَوْمَيْنِ qawmayni	الْقَوْمَيْنِ al-qawmayni	قَوْمَيْ qawmay
genitive	قَوْمَيْنِ qawmayni	الْقَوْمَيْنِ al-qawmayni	قَوْمَيْ qawmay
plural	basic broken plural triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَقْوَام ʔaqwām	الْأَقْوَام al-ʔaqwām	أَقْوَام ʔaqwām
nominative	أَقْوَامٌ ʔaqwāmun	الْأَقْوَامُ al-ʔaqwāmu	أَقْوَامُ ʔaqwāmu
accusative	أَقْوَامًا ʔaqwāman	الْأَقْوَامَ al-ʔaqwāma	أَقْوَامَ ʔaqwāma
genitive	أَقْوَامٍ ʔaqwāmin	الْأَقْوَامِ al-ʔaqwāmi	أَقْوَامِ ʔaqwāmi

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: qövm, qohum
• → Kazakh: қауым (qauym)
• → Ottoman Turkish: قوم (kavm, kavim)
  • Turkish: kavim
• → Persian: قوم
  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)

    Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

• → Uyghur: قوۋم (qowm)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[2], London: W.H. Allen

Adjective

قُوَّم • (quwwam)

1. inflection of قَائِم (qāʔim):
   1. masculine plural
   2. feminine plural

Azerbaijani

Noun

قۇم

1. Arabic spelling of qum (“sand”)

Declension

Declension of قوم

	singular	plural
nominative	قوم	قوملار
definite accusative	قومۇ	قوملارێ
dative	قوما	قوملارا
locative	قومدا	قوملاردا
ablative	قومدان	قوملاردان
definite genitive	قومۇن	قوملارێن

Hijazi Arabic

Root
ق و م
8 terms

Etymology 1

From Arabic قَوَّم (qawwam).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡawwam/

Verb

قوم • (gawwam) II (non-past يِقَوِّم (yimawwit), verbal noun تَقْويم (tagwīm))

1. to awaken

   Synonym: صَحَّى (ṣaḥḥa)

2. to rise up
3. to erect

Conjugation

Conjugation of قوم

		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	قومت (gawwamt)	قومت (gawwamt)	قوم (gawwam)		قومنا (gawwamna)	قومتوا (gawwamtu)	قوموا (gawwamu)
	f		قومتي (gawwamti)	قومت (gawwamat)
non-past	m	أقوم (ʔagawwim)	تقوم (tigawwim)	يقوم (yigawwim)		نقوم (nigawwim)	تقوموا (tigawwimu)	يقوموا (yigawwimu)
	f		تقومي (tigawwimi)	تقوم (tigawwim)
imperative	m		قوم (gawwim)				قوموا (gawwimu)
	f		قومي (gawwimi)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuːm/

Verb

قوم • (gūm)

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of قام (gām)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡawwim/

Verb

قوم • (gawwim)

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of قَوِّم (gawwam)

Moroccan Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
ق و م
2 terms

From Arabic قَوَّمَ (qawwama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qaw.wam/

Verb

قوم • (qawwam) II (non-past يقوم (yqawwam))

1. (transitive) to evaluate

Conjugation

Conjugation of قوم

		singular				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
past	m	قوّمت (qawwamt)	قوّمتي (qawwamti)	قوّم (qawwam)		قوّمنا (qawwamna)	قوّمتوا (qawwamtu)	قوّموا (qawwmu)
	f			قوّمت (qawwmāt)
non-past	m	نقوّم (nqawwam)	تقوّم (tqawwam)	يقوّم (yqawwam)		نقوّموا (nqawwmu)	تقوّموا (tqawwmu)	يقوّموا (yqawwmu)
	f		تقوّمي (tqawwmi)	تقوّم (tqawwam)
imperative	m		قوّم (qawwam)				قوّموا (qawwmu)
	f		قوّمي (qawwmi)

Etymology 2

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qawm/, /quːm/

Noun

قَوْم or قُوم • (qawm or qūm) m (plural أقوام (ʔaqwām))

1. people, nation

Ottoman Turkish

قوم

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”); cognate with Azerbaijani qum, Bashkir ҡом (qom), Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Nogai кум (kum), Southern Altai кум (kum), Turkmen gum, Uyghur قۇم (qum) and Uzbek qum.

Noun

قوم • (kum) (definite accusative قومی (kumu), plural قوملر (kumlar))

1. sand, rock that is ground more finely than gravel, forming beaches and deserts and also used in construction

   Synonyms: رمل (reml), ریك (rig)

2. gravel, chisel, a type or grade of small rocks, differentiated by mineral type, size range, or other characteristics

   Synonym: چاقل (çakıl)

3. (medicine) gravel, kidney stones, nephrolith, a deposit of calculous concretions in the kidneys and the bladder

   Synonym: مثانه قومی (mesane kumu)

Derived terms

• تخته قومی (tahta kumu, “sand used for scrabbing floors”)
• قایناق قومی (kaynak kumu, “welding sand”)
• قزل قوملر (kızıl kumlar, “medicinal sand-bath”)
• قوم اوتی (kum otu, “sedge”)
• قوم اینجو (kum inci, “seed pearl”)
• قوم بالغی (kum balığı, “skink”)
• قوم ساعتی (kum saʼati, “hourglass”)
• قوم طوربه‌سی (kum torbası, “sandbag”)
• قوم قلعه (kum kalʼe, “Kumkale, a village in Çanakkale district”)
• قوم كبی قاینامق (kum gibi kaynamak, “to swarm”)
• قوم ییغینی (kum yığını, “sandbank”)
• قومتول (kumtul, “sandy-colored”)
• قومجی (kumcu, “sand merchant”)
• قومدن قورتارمق (kumdan kurtarmak, “to desand”)
• قومسال (kumsal, “sandy place; sand bar”)
• قوملق (kumluk, “sandy place”)
• قوملو (kumlu, “sandy, arenose”)
• مثانه قومی (mesane kumu, “kidney stone”)

Descendants

• Turkish: kum
• → Armenian: խում (xum), ղում (ġum)
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: ку̏м

  Latin script: kȕm

Further reading

click to expand

• Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 577
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kum1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2833
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “قوم”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[3], Vienna: F. Beck, page 377a
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[4], Constantinople: Mihran, page 990
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Arena”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[5], Vienna, column 81
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قوم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[6], Vienna, columns 3805–3806
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قوم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[7], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1496

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm, “people, nation, tribe”).

Noun

قوم • (kavm or kavim) (definite accusative قومی (kavmi), plural اقوام (akvâm))

1. people, nation, a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed based on a common language, territory, ethnicity and culture

   Synonyms: ایل (il, el), ملت (millet)

Derived terms

• قوم صالح (kavm-i sâlih, “the pre-Semitic people of Themud”)
• قوم عیسی (kavm-i ʼisâ, “disciples of Jesus”)
• قوم فرعون (kavm-i firʼavun, “Egyptians”)
• قوم محمد (kavm-i muhammed, “Muslims”)
• قوم منجمین (kavm-i müneccimin, “astrologers, as a class”)
• قوم موسی (kavm-i musâ, “the children of Israel under Moses”)
• قوم هود (kavm-i hud, “the pre-Semitic people of Ad”)
• قوم و قبیله (kavm ve kabile, “relative, kinsman”)

Descendants

• Turkish: kavim

Further reading

click to expand

• Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 578
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kavim”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2481
• Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “kavm”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎^[8] (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 597
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[9], Constantinople: Mihran, page 990
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Populus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[10], Vienna, column 1318
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قوم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[11], Vienna, columns 3805-3806
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kavim”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قوم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[12], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1496

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

قوم • (kom) (definite accusative قومی (komu), plural قوملر (komlar))

1. inn or shelter situated on the side of a road, usually built with tree branches or mud

Descendants

• Turkish: kom

Further reading

click to expand

• Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 578
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kom4”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2724
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قوم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[13], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1496

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [qawm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [qäwm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [qäwm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [qäwm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [qäwm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [qowm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [qäwm]

Readings
Classical reading?	qawm
Dari reading?	qawm
Iranian reading?	ġowm
Tajik reading?	qavm

Noun

Dari	قوم
Iranian Persian
Tajik	қавм

قُوْم • (qowm) (plural اقوام (aqvâm))

1. people, nation, tribe
   • 1048-1131, Omar Khayyám, Rubáiyát

     قومی متفکرند اندر ره دین ― qowm-i motefakker-and andar rah-e din ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     قومی به گمان فتاده در راه یقین ― qowm-i be-gamân fetâde dar râh-e yaqin ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     می‌ترسم از آنکه بانگ آید روزی ― mi-tarsam az ân-ke bâng âyad ruzi ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     کای بی‌خبران راه نه آنست و نه این ― key bi-xabarân! râh na ân-ast o na in ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. ethnic group

Derived terms

• قوم و خویش (qowm o xiš, “family, relatives”)

Descendants

• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)

  Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Noun

قَوم • (qaum) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੌਮ)

1. nation, people

Synonyms

• (people): نسل (nasal)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /qɔːm/

• Audio (India):

  (file)

Noun

قَوم • (qaum) f (formal plural اقوام, Hindi spelling क़ौम)

1. nation

   بابائے قَوم ― bābāe qaum ― father of the nation

2. people, community

   قَومِ لُوط ― qaum-i lūt ― people of Lot

3. race

Synonyms

• (people, community): سَمُدائے (samudāe), سَمْپَرْدائے (sampardāe), سَن٘گَت (saṅgat), گِروہ (giroh), سَماج (samāj), مُعاشِرَہ (mu'āśira), بَرادرِی (barādrī), اُمَّت (ummat)
• (race): نسل (nasl), جاتی (jātī)

Derived terms

• قَومی (qaumī, “national”)
• قَومِیَت (qaumiyat, “nationality”)
• اَقْوامِ مُتَّحِدَہ (aqvām-i muttahida, “United Nations”)
• بَینَ الَاقْوامی (bainal-aqvāmī, “international”)
• قَوم پَرَسْتی (qaum parastī, “nationalism”)

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “قوم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• “قوم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2025.
• John Shakespear (1834) “قوم”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC