Wiktionary

race

See also: Race, racé, race-, and rače

EnglishEdit

 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

PronunciationEdit

  • enPR: rās, IPA(key): /ɹeɪs/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -eɪs

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English race, from Old Norse rás (“a running, race”), from Proto-Germanic *rēsō (“a course”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁s- (“to flow, rush”). Akin to Old English rǣs (“a race, swift or violent running, rush, onset”), Middle Low German râs (“a strong current”), Dutch ras (“a strong whirling current”). Compare Danish ræs, Norwegian and Swedish ras, Norwegian rås.

NounEdit

 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

  1. A contest between people, animals, vehicles, etc. where the goal is to be the first to reach some objective. Example: Several horses run in a horse race, and the first one to reach the finishing post wins
    The race around the park was won by Johnny, who ran faster than the others.
    We had a race to see who could finish the book the quickest.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ecclesiastes 9:11:
      I returned, and saw vnder the Sunne, That the race is not to the swift, nor the battell to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of vnderstanding, nor yet fauour to men of skil; but time and chance happeneth to them all.
    • 2012 November 2, Ken Belson, “After Days of Pressure, Marathon Is Off”, in The New York Times‎[1]:
      After days of intensifying pressure from runners, politicians and the general public to call off the New York City Marathon in the wake of Hurricane Sandy, city officials and the event’s organizers decided Friday afternoon to cancel the race.
  2. Swift progress; rapid motion; an instance of moving or driving at high speed.
    • 1631, Francis [Bacon], “(please specify |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] William Rawley; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:
      The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any beasts.
  3. (computing) A race condition.
  4. A progressive movement toward a goal.
    the race to cure cancer
  5. A fast-moving current of water, such as that which powers a mill wheel.
  6. A water channel, esp. one built to lead water to or from a point where it is utilised.
  7. Competitive action of any kind, especially when prolonged; hence, career; course of life.
  8. The bushings of a rolling element bearing which contacts the rolling elements.
HyponymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

VerbEdit

race (third-person singular simple present races, present participle racing, simple past and past participle raced)

  1. (intransitive) To take part in a race (in the sense of a contest).
    The drivers were racing around the track.
  2. (transitive) To compete against in a race (contest).
    I raced him to the car, but he was there first, so he got to ride shotgun.
  3. (intransitive) To move or drive at high speed; to hurry or speed.
    As soon as it was time to go home, he raced for the door.
    Her heart was racing as she peered into the dimly lit room.
    • 1988, Lee Mavers, “There She Goes”, in Sixpence None the Richer‎[2], published 1997, performed by Sixpence None the Richer:
      There she goes / There she goes again / Racing through my brain / And I just can't contain / This feeling that remains
    • 2013 June 21, Chico Harlan, “Japan pockets the subsidy …”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 30:
      Across Japan, technology companies and private investors are racing to install devices that until recently they had little interest in: solar panels. Massive solar parks are popping up as part of a rapid build-up that one developer likened to an "explosion."
    • 2020 December 2, Paul Bigland, “My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail, page 66:
      Racing on, we parallel the M5 doing 95mph, according to the app on my smartphone.
  4. (intransitive, of a motor) To run rapidly when not engaged to a transmission.
    • 1891 (December) Arthur Conan Doyle, The Man with the Twisted Lip:
      "My mind is like a racing engine, tearing itself to pieces because it is not connected up with the work for which it was built."
TranslationsEdit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2Edit

1560s, via Middle French race from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin.

theories
  • Diez and some other scholars suggest derivation from Proto-Germanic *raitō (whence Old High German reiza (“line”) and Old Norse ríta (“to score, log, outline”)), perhaps via Lombardic *raiza (“line”), which Körting notes is a literal rendering of Latin linea sanguinis (“bloodline of descent”).[1] Anatoly Liberman says "the semantic fit is good" but the chronology falters; he says the Germanic word went out of use before the Italian word arose, and he says the intermediary is not attested.[2]
  • Some scholars suggest derivation from Old Spanish raza, rasa, from earlier ras, res (“head of cattle”), from Arabic رَأْس‎ (raʔs, “head”), but Italian razza predates the Spanish word according to Diez and Meyer-Lübke.[3][1]
  • Meyer-Lübke suggested Latin generatio as the root; Körting says "the disappearance of two initial syllables hardly seems credible", but Meyer-Lübke notes the Venetian form narazza and the Old Bellunesian form naraccia, positing that after the first syllable ge- was lost, the remaining (una) narazza came to be reanalysed as una razza.[1]
  • Gianfranco Contini suggests the Italian word comes from Old French haraz (“troop of horses”),[4] whence Modern French haras (“breeding farm for horses; stud farm”), from Old Norse hárr (“grey-haired; hoary”). Liberman considers this derivation the most likely.[2]
  • Other suggested Latin etyma:
    • radius (perhaps via Vulgar Latin *radia) (per Baist).[1]
    • radix (“root”) (per Ulrich);[1] Liberman says "the semantic match is excellent", and race (“rhizome of ginger”) (which definitely derives from radix) shows that the phonology is plausible.[2]
    • *raptiare (“breed falcons”) (per Körting).[1][2]
    • The nominative of ratio (perhaps via an unattested intermediate form *razzo), as opposed to ragione which derives from the accusative rationem.
  • Other implausible suggestions include Slavic raz[2][1] and Basque arraca, supposedly meaning "stud animal"[2] (Basque arrazza, "race", derives from Spanish).

NounEdit

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
  1. A group of sentient beings, particularly people, distinguished by common ancestry, heritage or characteristics:
    1. A large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of a common heritage (compare ethnic group). See Wikipedia's article on historical definitions of race.
      • 1838, Lincoln, Abraham, Young Men's Lyceum address
        We toiled not in the acquirement or establishment of them—they are a legacy bequeathed us, by a once hardy, brave, and patriotic, but now lamented and departed race of ancestors.
      • 1895 November 11, Chamberlain, Joseph, Speech given to the Imperial Institute:
        I believe that the British race is the greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen.
      • 1913, Martin Van Buren Knox, The religious life of the Anglo-Saxon race
    2. A large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of common physical characteristics, such as skin color or hair type.
      Race was a significant issue during apartheid in South Africa.
      • 1958, The Inn of the Sixth Happiness‎[3], →OCLC, 1:41:15 from the start:
        Would it offend you to be loved by a man of another race?
        It would honor me.
      • 2012 March-April, Jan Sapp, “Race Finished”, in American Scientist‎[4], volume 100, number 2, page 164:
        Few concepts are as emotionally charged as that of race. The word conjures up a mixture of associations—culture, ethnicity, genetics, subjugation, exclusion and persecution. But is the tragic history of efforts to define groups of people by race really a matter of the misuse of science, the abuse of a valid biological concept?
      The Native Americans colonized the New World in several waves from Asia, and thus they are considered part of the same Mongoloid race.
    3. A large group of sentient beings distinguished from others on the basis of a common heritage (compare species, subspecies).
      A treaty was concluded between the race of elves and the race of men.
      • 1898, Herman Isidore Stern, The gods of our fathers: a study of Saxon mythology, page 15)
        There are two distinct races of gods known to Norse mythology[.]
      • 2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Normandy SR-1:
        Tali: My father is responsible for the lives of seventeen million people -- our entire race is in his hands. And I'm his only child.
        (Note: Tali is a Quarian.)
    4. A group or category distinguished from others on the basis of shared characteristics or qualities, for example social qualities.
      The advent of the Internet has brought about a new race of entrepreneur.
      Recent developments in artificial intelligence have brought about a new race of robots that can perform household chores without supervision.
      • 1823, Charles Molloy Westmacott, “Pindaric Address to the Royal Academicians”, in Annual Critical Catalogue to the Royal Academy; republished in The Spirit of the Public Journals‎[5], London: Sherwood, Jones, and Co, 1825, page 223:
        That is—I fear you are most harden'd sinners, / Who in close coffers keep the light of grace / From needy brothers and from young beginners, / That it may shine upon your own dull race.
      • 1911, Robert W. Service, “The Men That Don't Fit In”, in The Spell of the Yukon:
        There's a race of men that don't fit in, / A race that can't stay still; / So they break the hearts of kith and kin, / And they roam the world at will.
  2. (biology) A population geographically separated from others of its species that develops significantly different characteristics; a mating group.
  3. (zoology) Subspecies.
    • 1859, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Domestication”, in On the Origin of Species:
      Nevertheless, as our varieties certainly do occasionally revert in some of their characters to ancestral forms, it seems to me not improbable, that if we could succeed in naturalising, or were to cultivate, during many generations, the several races, for instance, of the cabbage, in very poor soil (in which case, however, some effect would have to be attributed to the direct action of the poor soil), that they would to a large extent, or even wholly, revert to the wild aboriginal stock.
  4. (animal husbandry) A breed or strain of domesticated animal.
    • c. 1596–1599, The Merchant of Venice, act 5, scene 1:
      For do but note a wild and wanton herd, / Or race of youthful and unhandled colts, / Fetching mad bounds.
  5. (mycology, bacteriology, informal) An infraspecific rank, a pathotype, pathovar, etc.
  6. (obsolete) Peculiar flavour, taste, or strength, as of wine; that quality, or assemblage of qualities, which indicates origin or kind, as in wine; hence, characteristic flavour.
  7. (obsolete) Characteristic quality or disposition.
  8. (archaic, uncountable) Ancestry.
    • 1844 January–December​, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “My Pedigree and Family.—Undergo the Influence of the Tender Passion.”, in “The Memoirs of Barry Lyndon, Esq. [The Luck of Barry Lyndon.]”, in Miscellanies: Prose and Verse, volume III, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1856, →OCLC:
      That very estate which the Lyndons now possess in Ireland was once the property of my race.
SynonymsEdit
The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. For synonyms and antonyms you may use the templates {{syn|en|...}} or {{ant|en|...}}.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
TranslationsEdit

VerbEdit

race (third-person singular simple present races, present participle racing, simple past and past participle raced)

  1. To assign a race to; to perceive as having a (usually specified) race.
    • 1996, Philosophical Studies in Education, page 151:
      To be raced as black in the U.S. translates symbolically into being considered inferior to whites, lazy, immoral, boisterous, violent, and sexually promiscuous.
    • 2006, Athena D. Mutua, Progressive Black Masculinities?, Routledge, →ISBN, page 30:
      From this perspective, the project of progressive blackness entails the edification of black people and the elimination of all forms of domination that limit this edification for all those raced as black.
    • 2008, George Yancy, Black Bodies, White Gazes: The Continuing Significance of Race, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 46:
      By avoiding being raced as white, whites are able to maintain the illusion that they have always been individuals, that they have always accomplished their achievements through merit alone.
    • 2020 March 24, Sophie Lewis, The coronavirus crisis shows it's time to abolish the family:
      [T]he private family qua mode of social reproduction still, frankly, sucks. It genders, nationalizes and races us. It norms us for productive work.

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle French [Term?], from Latin radix.

NounEdit

race (plural races)

  1. A rhizome or root, especially of ginger.
    • 1610, William Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale, Act IV, Scene III, line 45.
      I must have saffron to color the warden pies; mace; dates, none -- that's out of my note; nutmegs, seven; a race or two of ginger, but that I may beg; four pounds of prunes, and as many of raisins o' th' sun.
    • 1842, Gibbons Merle, The Domestic Dictionary and Housekeeper's Manual, page 433:
      On the third day after this second boiling, pour all the syrup into a pan, put the races of ginger with it, and boil it up until the syrup adheres to the spoon.
TranslationsEdit
a rhizome — See also translations at rhizome,‎ root

Etymology 4Edit

VerbEdit

race (third-person singular simple present races, present participle racing, simple past and past participle raced)

  1. Obsolete form of raze.

ReferencesEdit

  • race at OneLook Dictionary Search
  • race in Keywords for Today: A 21st Century Vocabulary, edited by The Keywords Project, Colin MacCabe, Holly Yanacek, 2018.
  • race in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911
  • Diez, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen, "Razza."
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Eric Voegelin, The History of the Race Idea: From Ray to Carus, volume 3
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Anatoly Liberman, The Oxford Etymologist Looks at Race, Class and Sex (but not Gender), or, Beating a Willing Horse
  3. ^ Diez, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen, "Razza."
  4. ^ Giacomo Devoto, Avviamento all'etimologia italiana, Mondadori

AnagramsEdit

DanishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Borrowed from French race, from Italian razza.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

race c (singular definite racen, plural indefinite racer)

  1. race (subdivision of species)
  2. breed
InflectionEdit
Declension of race
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative race racen racer racerne
genitive races racens racers racernes

Etymology 2Edit

Borrowed from English race.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): [ˈɹɛjs], [ˈʁɛˀs]

NounEdit

race n (singular definite racet, plural indefinite race)

  1. a race (a contest where the goal is to be the first to reach some objective)
  2. a rush
InflectionEdit
Declension of race
neuter
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative race racet race racene
genitive races racets races racenes

Etymology 3Edit

Borrowed from English race.

Alternative formsEdit

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

race (imperative race, infinitive at race, present tense racer, past tense racede, perfect tense er/har racet)

  1. to race (to compete in a race, a contest where the goal is to be the first to reach some objective)
  2. to rush

Further readingEdit

DutchEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

Borrowed from English race.

NounEdit

race m (plural races, diminutive raceje n)

  1. A speed contest, a race.
    Synonym: wedloop
Derived termsEdit

Etymology 2Edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

VerbEdit

race

  1. first-person singular present indicative of racen
  2. (archaic) singular present subjunctive of racen
  3. imperative of racen

FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

As Middle French rasse "entirety of ancestors and descendants of the same family or people", from ca. 1480, spelling Middle French race recorded in 1549, from Italian razza (13th century), of uncertain origin (more at razza).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

race f (plural races)

  1. race (classification)
  2. kind
    Synonym: espèce
  3. (zoology) breed

Related termsEdit

DescendantsEdit

  • → German: Rasse
    • → Czech: rasa
    • → Polish: rasa
    • → Serbo-Croatian: rasa
    • → Slovene: rasa
  • → Romanian: rasă

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

AnagramsEdit

Middle FrenchEdit

EtymologyEdit

16th century (spelling rasse from 1480), from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin.

NounEdit

race f (plural races)

  1. race; breed
    • 1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 11:
      Je le doy plus à ma fortune qu’à ma raison : Elle m’a faict naistre d’une race fameuse en preud’hommie, et d’un tres-bon pere
      I owe more to my luck than to my intelligence. It was luck that meant I was born into a race famous for its gentlemanliness, and to a very good father

DescendantsEdit

PolishEdit

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

race f

  1. nominative/accusative/vocative plural of raca

SwedishEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English race.

NounEdit

race n

  1. race (competition)

DeclensionEdit

Declension of race 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative race racet race racen
Genitive races racets races racens

Derived termsEdit

ReferencesEdit

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