ऋ

See also: र

ऋ U+090B, ऋ DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R ← ऊ [U+090A] Devanagari ऌ → [U+090C]

Translingual

Stroke order

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /r̩/

Letter

ऋ (ṛ)

1. Traditionally classified as a vowel of the Devanagari script. Its matra, used to modify the inherent vowel in a consonant, is written ृ. For example the first consonant क with the matra looks like: कृ. It is only used in words of Sanskrit derivation. Transliterated as IAST: ṛ or ITRANS: RRi or R^i.

Hindi

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɾiː/

Letter

ऋ • (ŕ)

1. the seventh vowel in Hindi

See also

• (matra): ृ (ŕ)

• Devanagari script letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, त्र, ज्ञ, क्ष, क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, झ़, ड़, ढ़, फ़ ^[edit]

Marathi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɾu/, [ɾuː]

Letter

ऋ • (ru)

1. The seventh vowel in Marathi, pronounced ru.

Nepali

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾi]
• Phonetic Devanagari: रि

Letter

ऋ • (r̥)

1. The seventh vowel in Nepali.

See also

• Devanagari script letters: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ऌ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ ^[edit]

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• अर् (ar)
• ईर् (īr) (from weak stem of इयर्ति (íyarti))

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ঋ (Assamese script)
• ᬋ (Balinese script)
• ঋ (Bengali script)
• 𑰆 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀋 (Brahmi script)
• ၒ (Burmese script)
• ઋ (Gujarati script)
• ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌋 (Grantha script)
• ꦉ (Javanese script)
• 𑂩𑂱 (Kaithi script)
• ಋ (Kannada script)
• ឫ (Khmer script)
• ຣິ (Lao script)
• ഋ (Malayalam script)
• ᡵᡳ (Manchu script)
• 𑘆 (Modi script)
• ᠷᠢ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦦 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐆 (Newa script)
• ଋ (Odia script)
• ꢈ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆉 (Sharada script)
• 𑖆 (Siddham script)
• ඍ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩙 (Soyombo script)
• ரி (Tamil script)
• ఋ (Telugu script)
• ฤ (Thai script)
• རྀ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒇 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨫𑨉 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmĭ, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /r̩/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /r̩/

Root

ऋ • (ṛ)

1. to go, move
2. to rise, tend towards
3. to move, shake
4. to obtain, gain, acquire, reach, meet with
5. to move, excite, raise (as voice, words, etc.)
6. to display
7. to injure, hurt
8. to attack
9. to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in
10. to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place
11. to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver
12. to give up, sacrifice
13. to give back, restore
14. to pierce through, perforate, penetrate

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root ऋ (0 c, 14 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root ऋ (4 c, 0 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

• ऋच्छति (ṛccháti) (Present)
• अर्छति (archati) (Present)
• इयर्ति (íyarti) (Present)
• ऋणोति (ṛṇóti) (Present)
• ऋण्वति (ṛṇváti) (Present)
• अरिष्यति (ariṣyáti) (Future)
• अर्ता (artā́) (Periphrastic Future)
• आरत् (ā́rat) (Aorist)
• आर्त (ā́rta) (Aorist)
• आर्षीत् (ā́rṣīt) (Aorist)
• आर (ā́ra) (Perfect)

Secondary Forms

• अर्यते (aryáte) (Passive)
• अर्पयति (arpáyati) (Causative)
• ईरयति (īráyati) (Causative)
• आर्पिपत् (ā́rpipat) (Causative Aorist)
• ऐरत् (áirat) (Causative Aorist)
• अर्प्यते (arpyate) (Passive of Causative)
• ईर्यते (īryate) (Passive of Causative)
• अरिरिषति (aririṣati) (Desiderative)
• अलर्ति (álarti) (Intensive)
• अरार्यते (arāryate) (Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

• ऋत (ṛtá) (Past Participle)
• अर्ण (arṇa) (Past Participle)
• ईर्ण (īrṇá) (Past Participle)
• अर्तोस् (ártos) (Infinitive)
• ऋत्वा (ṛtvā́) (Gerund)

Derived Nominal Forms

• ऋति (ṛti)
• ऋतप्सु (ṛtapsu)
• ऋतावन् (ṛtāvan)
• ऋतु (ṛtu)
• ऋतव्य (ṛtavya)
• अर्ण (árṇa)
• अर्पण (arpaṇa)
• अर्वत् (árvat)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “ऋ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 223, column 2.
• William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 14
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 105-6
• Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 46-47
• Gotō, T. "Altindoiranisch ar/r̥ und urindogermanisch *h₁er, *h₂er, *h₃er" in Denken sie einfach!, page 75ff.