林檎
Chinese
editphonetic | |||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (林檎) | 林 | 檎 | |
simp. #(林檎) | 林 | 檎 | |
alternative forms | 林禽 來禽/来禽 |
Etymology 1
editFirst attested during the Wei–Jin era.
Likely a loanword from a language in the Western Regions, apples also being a common produce of Central Asia.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): lam4 kam4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lìm-khìm
- Northern Min (KCR): lêng-gěng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: líncín
- Wade–Giles: lin2-chʻin2
- Yale: lín-chín
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linchyn
- Palladius: линьцинь (linʹcinʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lin³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: lam4 kam4
- Yale: làhm kàhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: lam4 kam4
- Guangdong Romanization: lem4 kem4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɐm²¹ kʰɐm²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm
- Hakka Romanization System: limˇ kimˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lim2 kim2
- Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lêng-gěng
- Sinological IPA (key): /leiŋ³³ keiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm-khîm
- Tâi-lô: lîm-khîm
- Phofsit Daibuun: limqiim
- IPA (Xiamen): /lim²⁴⁻²² kʰim²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-khîm
- Tâi-lô: lîng-khîm
- Phofsit Daibuun: lengqiim
- IPA (Singapore): /leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kʰim²⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lim5 kim5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lîm khîm
- Sinological IPA (key): /lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰim⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Middle Chinese: lim gim
Noun
edit林檎
- Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica)
- wedding gift
- (Teochew, Zhao'an and Singapore Hokkien) sugar apple
Synonyms
editVariety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 花紅, 林檎, 沙果 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 沙果兒 |
Harbin | 沙果兒 | |
Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 海棠果兒 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 花紅, 沙果兒 |
Wanrong | 沙果 | |
Xi'an | 沙果兒 | |
Xining | 沙果, 果子 | |
Xuzhou | 沙果 | |
Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 大果子 |
Lanzhou | 沙果子 | |
Ürümqi | 沙果兒 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 花紅 |
Guiyang | 花紅 | |
Liuzhou | 花紅果 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 花紅 |
Yangzhou | 花紅, 小蘋果 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 沙果 |
Lichuan | 沙果, 花紅 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 花紅 |
Jin | Xinzhou | 果子 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 蜜林檎 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 染霧 |
Quanzhou | 染霧 | |
Zhangzhou | 染霧 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 花紅 |
Suzhou | 花紅 | |
Danyang | 花紅 | |
Ningbo | 花紅 | |
Jinhua | 花紅 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 花紅 |
Derived terms
editDescendants
editOther:
Etymology 2
editBorrowed from Japanese 林檎 (ringo), from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Pronunciation
edit- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm / lin-kó
- Hakka Romanization System: limˇ kimˇ / lin goˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lim2 kim2 / lin4 go3
- Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ko³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm-khìm / lin-kó / lin-ngò
- Hakka Romanization System: limˇ kimˇ / lin goˋ / lin ngoˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lim2 kim2 / lin4 go3 / lin4 ngo2
- Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹ kʰim¹¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ko³¹/, /lin⁵⁵ ŋo¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Hsinchu, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lìn-gò͘
- Tâi-lô: lìn-gòo
- Phofsit Daibuun: lien'gox
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡɔ²¹/
- IPA (Tainan, Yilan): /lin²¹⁻⁵³ ɡɔ²¹/
- (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm-khîm
- Tâi-lô: lîm-khîm
- Phofsit Daibuun: limqiim
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim²³⁻³³ kʰim²³/
- IPA (Taipei): /lim²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰim²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yilan, Hsinchu, Magong)
Noun
edit林檎
- (Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka) apple
Synonyms
editJapanese
editEtymology 1
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
りん Grade: 1 |
ご Jinmeiyō |
on'yomi | kan'yōon |
/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riŋɡõː/ → /riŋɡo/
From Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Originally referred to the Chinese pearleaf crabapple (Malus asiatica) imported from China, it has expanded to mean any apple of the Malus genus.
First cited in 918 in the 本草和名 (Honzō Wamyō, “Japanese names for medicinal plants”).[1]
Pronunciation
editNoun
edit- [from 918] apple
- (slang) the company Apple Inc. or its products
Usage notes
editCan refer to either the fruit or the tree. As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as リンゴ.
Derived terms
edit- 林檎飴 (ringo ame, “candy apple”)
- 林檎酸 (ringo-san, “malic acid”)
- 林檎酒 (ringoshu, “apple cider”)
- 林檎酢 (ringosu)
- 林檎病 (ringo-byō, “fifth disease”)
- 青林檎 (aoringo)
- 和林檎 (waringo)
Descendants
editEtymology 2
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
りん > りゅう Grade: 1 |
ごん > ごう Jinmeiyō |
irregular |
/rimʉɡomʉ/ → /riũɡoũ/ → /rʲuːɡoː/
A variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim). The shift in reading was due to an orthographic inconsistency in spelling the nasalized mora marked as ん (n) in modern Japanese.[1] In ancient texts, this kana did not yet exist, and the sound was often spelled using the む (mu) kana, which in certain terms shifted to, and may have been spelled as, う (u).
Appears in the 和名類聚抄 (Wamyō Ruijushō) of c. 938 CE.[1]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editEtymology 3
editKanji in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
りん Grade: 1 |
きん > き Jinmeiyō |
on'yomi | kan'on |
/rimʉkimʉ/ → */rinkiɴ/ → /rinki/
Another variant shift from Middle Chinese 林檎 (MC lim gim).
Appears in the 色葉字類抄 (Iroha Jiruishō) of 1181.[1]
Pronunciation
editNoun
editSee also
editReferences
editKorean
editHanja in this term | |
---|---|
林 | 檎 |
Noun
edit- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 林
- Chinese terms spelled with 檎
- Teochew Chinese
- Zhao'an Hokkien
- Singapore Hokkien
- Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese
- Chinese terms derived from Japanese
- Chinese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Taiwanese Hokkien
- Taiwanese Hakka
- zh:Fruits
- zh:Trees
- Chinese terms borrowed back into Chinese
- Japanese terms spelled with 林 read as りん
- Japanese terms spelled with 檎 read as ご
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese slang
- Japanese terms spelled with 林
- Japanese terms spelled with 檎
- Japanese terms read with irregular kanji readings
- Japanese terms with rare senses
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- Japanese terms spelled with 檎 read as きん
- ja:Fruits
- ja:Trees
- ja:Pome fruits
- ja:Apple Inc.
- Korean lemmas
- Korean nouns
- Korean nouns in Han script
- Korean hanja forms