Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵenh₁- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to produce, to beget, to give birth

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁- (100 c, 0 e)

*ǵénh₁-t ~ *ǵn̥h₁-ént (athematic root aorist)^[3]
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ծնաւ (cnaw, 3sg.aor. of ծնանիմ (cnanim))
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐγένετο (egéneto)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: अजनि (ajani, 1sg.aor.mid.)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: kantär (3sg.subj.mid.)
*ǵénh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
    - Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jánati^[4]
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)
        Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)
        
        Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)
      - Sogdo-Bactrian:
        Sogdian: (/⁠zan-⁠/)
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)
        
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)
        
        Syriac script: ܙܢ (zn)
        
        Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)
    - Southeastern Iranian:
      - Pashto: زوول (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Baluchi: زات (zát), زای (zá(y)-)
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: زان (zan), -زێ- (-zê-)
        
        Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-
      - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        Caspian:
        Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج (zāj-)
        
        Parthian: (/⁠zāy-, zāyad⁠/, “to give birth to; be born”) ^[5]
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-), [script needed] (zʼyd)
        
        Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: زای (zāy), ز (-z-)
        
        Zazaki: zayene, za-
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠zādan, zāy-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/⁠zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)
        
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-) ^[5]
        
        Classical Persian: زادن (zādan), زاییدن (zâyidan), زای (zây-); زایانیدن (zâyânidan, “to be born”)
        Dari: زادن (zādan)
        
        Iranian Persian: زادن (zādan)
        
        Tajik: зодан (zodan)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Old Latin: genō
*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
    - Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
      - Assamese: জগা (zoga)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiieⁱti) (with shortened vowel and active ending)
*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat, 3sg.aor.inj.)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌 (zīzanəṇti, “to give birth”, 3pl.pres.ind.)
    - Pashto: زېږېدل (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
  - Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai) (or lengthened from γεν- (gen-)^[6])
- Proto-Italic: *gignō
  - Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
  - Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)
*ǵeǵónh₁e ~ *ǵeǵn̥h₁ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γέγονα (gégona)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जजान (jajā́na)
- Proto-Tocharian: *käkænā-^[7]^[8]
  - Tocharian B: kānare (3pl.pret.act.)
*ǵonh₁-éye-ti (éye-causative)
- Proto-Germanic: *kanjaną
  - Proto-West Germanic: *kannjan (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́anHáyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: जनयति (janáyati)
*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
*ǵónh₁-o-s
*ǵonh₁-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
  - Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
*ǵenh₁-ó-s (“born”)
*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
*ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
  - Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)
*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
*ǵn̥h₁-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: genius
*ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
*ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
- Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
*ǵenh₁-dʰl-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)
*pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
- Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) ^[9]
  - Eastern Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌 (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
  - Northeastern Iranian:
    - Sogdo-Bacterian:
      - Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
      - Sogdian: (/⁠βzāntak⁠/, “child”) (from *frazantaka) ^[10]
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)
  - Southeastern Iranian:
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
      - Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
      - Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
        Bartangi-Oroshori:
        Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
        
        Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
        
        Roshani-Khufi:
        Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
        
        Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
  - Northwestern Iranian:
    - Parthian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
      Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)
  - Southwestern Iranian:
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)
      
      Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)
      - Classical Persian: فرزند (farzand)
        Dari: فرزند (farzand)
        
        Iranian Persian: فرزند (farzand)
        
        Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
        
        → Pashto: فرزند (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
  - Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan: (several words meaning “woman” have been conflated with *gʷḗn)
    - Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
    - Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
    - Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
    - Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
    - Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
      - Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
    - Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
    - Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
      - Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
      - Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
        ⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
    - Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
    - Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
    - Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
    - Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
    - Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
    - Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
    - Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
    - Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
    - Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎 (zantu, “tribe, race”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: जन् (jan)

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gignō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 260-1
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 163-5
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zanH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-6
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionary Of Manichaean Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γίγνομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-3
^ Malzahn, Melanie (2010) The Tocharian Verbal System, Leiden: Brill, page 570
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2], page 24
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “gignō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 260-1

[LIV-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 163-5

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*zanH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-6

[DMT-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionary Of Manichaean Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “γίγνομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-3

[7] Malzahn, Melanie (2010) The Tocharian Verbal System, Leiden: Brill, page 570

[8] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎^[2], page 24

[9] Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.

[10] Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112

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