Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵenh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European Edit

Root Edit

*ǵenh₁- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to produce, to beget, to give birth

Derived terms Edit

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-‎ (85 c, 0 e)

*ǵénh₁-ti (root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *gniyeti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ánati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ánati
    - Sanskrit: जनति (jánati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *jánati ^[3]
    - Eastern Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬰𐬂‎ (zå, “to give birth”)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Ossetian: (“to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow”)
        Digor Ossetian: зайин (zajin)
        
        Iron Ossetian: зайун (zajun)
      - Sogdo-Bactrian:
        Bactrian: ζαδο (zado, “born (ppp)”)
        
        Khwarezmian: [script needed] (zʼd, “born (ppp)”)
        
        Sogdian: (/⁠zan-⁠/)
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zn)
        
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (zn)
        
        Syriac script: ܙܢ‎ (zn)
        
        Yagnobi: зан- (zan-, “bear, give birth; to be born”), за́нта (zánta)
    - Southeastern Iranian:
      - Pashto: زوول‎ (zōwul, “to give birth to, to bear, to bring forth”)
    - Northwestern Iranian:
      - Baluchi: زات‎ (zát), زای‎ (zá(y)-)
      - Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: زان‎ (zan), -زێ-‎ (-zê-)
        
        Northern Kurdish: zayîn, zan, -zê-
      - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        Caspian:
        Gilaki: [script needed] (zaan), زاج‎ (zāj-)
        
        Parthian: (/⁠zāy-, zāyad⁠/, “to give birth to; be born”) ^[4]
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾy-) , [script needed] (zʼyd)
        
        Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        Gurani: زای‎ (zāy), ز‎ (-z-)
        
        Zazaki: zayene, za-
    - Southwestern Iranian:
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠zādan, zāy-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to; engender, be born, come forth”); [Term?] (/⁠zāyēnīdan, zāyēn-⁠/, “to bear, give birth to”)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (Y̠LYDWNtn'), [script needed] (zʾtn'), [script needed] (zʼ-)
        
        Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (zʾd), [script needed] (zʾy-); [script needed] (zʾyn-) ^[5]
        Classical Persian: زادن‎ (zādan), زاییدن‎ (zâyidan), زای‎ (zây-); زایانیدن‎ (zâyânidan, “to be born”)
        Dari: زادن‎ (zādan)
        
        Iranian Persian: زادن‎ (zādan)
        
        Tajik: зодан (zodan)
- Illyrian: *Gentius
  - Albanian: Gent
  - Albanian: Gjin
  - Albanian: gjind
*ǵn̥h₁-yé-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
    - Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
      - Assamese: জগা (zoga)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
    - Avestan: zaiiāite
      - ⇒ Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (zaiiaiti)
*ǵénh₁-ye-tor (deponent ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *géňňomai
  - Ancient Greek: γείνομαι (geínomai)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Sanskrit: जन्यते (janyate)
*ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti (reduplicated thematic present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: जीज॑नत् (jī́janat)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬍𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬌‎ (zīzanəṇti)
    - Pashto: زېږېدل‎ (zēẓ̌ēdəl, “to be born”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
  - Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai)
- Proto-Italic: *gignō
  - Latin: gignō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₁-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
- Proto-Italic: *gnāskōr
  - Latin: nāscor (see there for further descendants)
*ǵénh₁-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₁-mén-s (“seed, offspring”)
*ǵónh₁-o-s
*ǵonh₁-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *gonā́
  - Ancient Greek: γονή (gonḗ)
*ǵénh₁-os ~ *ǵénh₁-es-os (“race, lineage”)
*ǵenh₁-es-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *genehā́
  - Ancient Greek: γενεᾱ́ (geneā́)
*ǵénh₁-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₁-téy-s (“birth, production”)
*ǵn̥h₁-tó-s (“produced, begotten”)
*ǵénh₁-tōr ~ *ǵn̥h₁-tr-és (“parent”)
*ǵénh₁-tr-ih₂ ~ *ǵénh₁-tr-yeh₂-es (“parent”)
*ǵn̥h₁-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“kin, family”)
  - Proto-Germanic: *kuningaz (“king”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: genius
*ǵn̥h₁-i-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: naevus, Gnaeus
*ǵenh₁-tl-eh₂
- Old Armenian: ծնաւղ (cnawł, “parent”)
*ǵenh₁-dʰl-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γένεθλον (génethlon), γενέθλη (genéthlē), γενέθλιος (genéthlios)
*pro-ǵenh₁-ti-eh₂
- Proto-Iranian: *frazanti- (“offspring, progeny”) ^[6]
  - Eastern Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬌‎ (frazanti, “offspring, progeny”)
  - Northeastern Iranian:
    - Sogdo-Bacterian:
      - Bactrian: φροζινδο (frozindo, “descendant”), φοροζινδο (forozindo)
      - Sogdian: (/⁠fsāndē⁠/, “child”) (from *frazantaka) ^[7]
        Sogdian script: [script needed] (βsʾntʾk), [script needed] (βsʾntk)
  - Southeastern Iranian:
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: [Term?] (“daughter”)
      - Sarikoli: [script needed] (rajen)
      - Shughni: [script needed] (rizīn)
        Bartangi-Oroshori:
        Bartangi: [script needed] (razen)
        
        Oroshori: [script needed] (rizīn)
        
        Roshani-Khufi:
        Khufi: [script needed] (rizoen)
        
        Roshani: [script needed] (rizēn)
  - Northwestern Iranian:
    - Parthian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
      Parthian: [script needed] (frzynd)
  - Southwestern Iranian:
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠frazand⁠/, “child, son”)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (prznd), [script needed] (prẕnd)
      
      Manichaean script: [Manichaean needed] (frzynd), [script needed] (przynd)
      - Classical Persian: فرزند‎ (farzand)
        Dari: فرزند‎ (farzand)
        
        Iranian Persian: فرزند‎ (farzand)
        
        Tajik: фарзанд (farzand)
        
        → Pashto: فرزند‎ (farzánd, “(poetry) son; child”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-West Germanic: *knōsl (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνωτός (gnōtós, “kinsman”)
  - Ancient Greek: γέννα (génna, “descent, origin, race, genus; birth”) (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ज (ja, já, “son of; father; birth”)
    - Sanskrit: जा (jā́, “race, tribe”)
    - Sanskrit: जान (jā́na, “birth, origin, birthplace”)
    - Sanskrit: जना (janā, “birth, origin”)
    - Sanskrit: जनि (jáni, “birth, production, birthplace”)
      - Sanskrit: जनी (jánī)
    - Sanskrit: जननी (jananī, “mother”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्तु (jantú, “offspring, kinsman”)
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí, “kinsman”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्यु (janyu, “birth, creature”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्य (jánya, janyá, “people, community, nation”)
    - Sanskrit: जनुस् (janús, janū́s, “birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind”)
      - Sanskrit: जनुषा (januṣā, “necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth”)
      - Sanskrit: जनू (janū́, “birth, descent”)
        ⇒ Sanskrit: जनु (janu, “soul”)
    - Sanskrit: जेन्य (jénya, “of noble origin; genuine”)
    - Sanskrit: जातु (jā́tu, jātú, “at all, ever, perhaps”)
    - Sanskrit: जात्य (jā́tya, “legitimate; of a good family”)
    - Sanskrit: जनता (janátā, “people, folk; generation”)
    - Sanskrit: जनन (jánana, “progenitor, production, birth, race”)
    - Sanskrit: जज्ञि (jájñi, “germinating, shooting; seed”)
    - Sanskrit: जन्मिन् (janmin, “creature”)
    - Sanskrit: जानुका (jā́nukā, “bringing forth; woman”)
    - Sanskrit: जाया (jāyā́, “bringing forth”)
    - Sanskrit: जावन् (jā́van, “born, produced”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎‎ (zantu, “tribe, race”)

References Edit

^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.
^ Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112

[1] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.

[4] Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.

[5] Desmond Durkin-Meisteremst (2004); Dictionaroy Of Manichaeain Texts, Part I; ISBN:2-503-5 1776; p: 380.

[6] Johnny Cheung (2007);Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb; V:II; ISBN:978-90-04-15496-4; pp: 465-466.

[7] Gharib, B. (1995), “βsʾntʾk”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 112

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]