Wiktionary

kraj

See also: kráj

Czech edit

 
Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cs

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): [ˈkraj]
  • Audio(file)

Noun edit

kraj m inan

  1. edge, periphery, outskirts
  2. region

Declension edit

Declension of kraj (soft masculine inanimate)
singular plural
nominative kraj kraje
genitive kraje krajů
dative kraji krajům
accusative kraj kraje
vocative kraji kraje
locative kraji krajích
instrumental krajem kraji

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

Further reading edit

  • kraj in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • kraj in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
  • kraj in Internetová jazyková příručka

Lower Sorbian edit

Etymology edit

Probably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.

Noun edit

kraj m inan

  1. region, land
    Synonym: kšaj

Declension edit

Declension of kraj
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kraj kraja kraje
Genitive kraja krajowu krajow
Dative krajoju krajoma krajam
Accusative kraj kraja kraje
Instrumental krajom krajoma krajami
Locative kraju krajoma krajach

Further reading edit

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
  • Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Old Czech edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

kraj m inan

  1. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
  2. (chiefly in the plural) borderland
  3. landscape, area, territory, country

Declension edit

Declension of kraj (soft o-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative kraj krajě kraji, krajové
genitive krajě krajú krajóv
dative kraju krajoma krajóm
accusative kraj krajě krajě
vocative kraju krajě kraji, krajové
locative kraji, kraju krajú krajích
instrumental krajem krajoma kraji
This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

Descendants edit

  • Czech: kraj

References edit

Old Polish edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /kraːj/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /krɒj/

Noun edit

kraj m ?

  1. border (edge of a territory)
    • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter]‎[2], Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 2, 8:
      Dam cy... w trzimane twoie craie zemske (terminos terrae)
      [Dam ci... w trzymanie twoje kraje ziemskie (terminos terrae)]
    • 1930 [Fifteenth century], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)‎[3], section 13,11:
      Wiswolyl sobye Loth kray (regionem) podle Yordana
      [Wyzwolił sobie Lot kraj (regionem) podle Jordana]
  2. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
    • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Latin-Polish-German Florian Psalter]‎[4], Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages 132, 3:
      Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)
      [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]
    • 1880 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume V, page 266:
      Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur
      [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]

Derived terms edit

adjective
noun

Descendants edit

References edit

Polish edit

 
Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl

Pronunciation edit

Etymology 1 edit

Inherited from Old Polish kraj.

Noun edit

kraj m inan

  1. country (territory of a nation)
    Synonyms: kraina, państwo
  2. (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
  3. (chiefly dated or archaic) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
    Synonym: skraj
Declension edit
Declension of kraj
singular plural
nominative kraj kraje
genitive kraju krajów
dative krajowi krajom
accusative kraj kraje
instrumental krajem krajami
locative kraju krajach
vocative kraju kraje
Related terms edit
adjective
nouns

Trivia edit

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

Etymology 2 edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb edit

kraj

  1. second-person singular imperative of krajać

References edit

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “kraj”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 199

Further reading edit

  • kraj in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • kraj in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kraj”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  • “KRAJ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 September 6
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎[5]
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎[6]
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎[7] (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 522

Serbo-Croatian edit

 
Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sh

Etymology 1 edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

krȃj m (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)

  1. end, ending
  2. rim, edge, verge
  3. region, area
  4. landscape, scenery
  5. (archaic) land, shore
Declension edit
Declension of kraj
singular plural
nominative krȃj krȁjevi / kràjevi
genitive krȁja krȁjēvā / krajévā / kràjēvā
dative krȁju krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima
accusative kraj krȁjeve / kràjeve
vocative krȁju krȁjevi / kràjevi
locative krȁju / kràju krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima
instrumental krȁjem krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima

Etymology 2 edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation edit

Preposition edit

krȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) (+ genitive case)

  1. near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)
    Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.
  2. past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)
    Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.
  3. (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)
    I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.

Silesian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Polish kraj.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /ˈkraj/
  • Rhymes: -aj
  • Syllabification: kraj

Noun edit

kraj m inan

  1. country (territory of a nation)
    Synonyms: regiōn, krajina, państwo
  2. edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
  3. (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
    Synonyms: rant, brzyg
    Antonym: postrzodek

Further reading edit

Slovak edit

 
Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sk

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

kraj m inan (genitive singular kraja, nominative plural kraje, genitive plural krajov, declension pattern of stroj)

  1. edge
  2. end
  3. region

Declension edit

Declension of kraj
singular plural
nominative kraj kraje
genitive kraja krajov
dative kraju krajom
accusative kraj kraje
locative kraji krajoch
instrumental krajom krajmi


Further reading edit

  • “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Slovene edit

 
Slovene Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sl

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

krȁj m inan

  1. place (location, position)
  2. town, village or place
    Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?
  3. end or beginning

Inflection edit

 
 The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.
Masculine inan., soft o-stem
nom. sing. kràj
gen. sing. krája
singular dual plural
nominative
(imenovȃlnik) 		kràj krája kráji
genitive
(rodȋlnik) 		krája krájev krájev
dative
(dajȃlnik) 		kráju krájema krájem
accusative
(tožȋlnik) 		kràj krája kráje
locative
(mẹ̑stnik) 		kráju krájih krájih
instrumental
(orọ̑dnik) 		krájem krájema kráji

Further reading edit

  • “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Upper Sorbian edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.

Noun edit

kraj m inan

  1. country, land

Descendants edit

  • → Lower Sorbian: kraj

Further reading edit

  • “kraj” in Soblex
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