surgir
French Edit
Etymology Edit
Borrowed from Latin surgere (“to get up, arise”). Doublet of sourdre.
Pronunciation Edit
Verb Edit
surgir
- (intransitive) to emerge or appear; to crop up
- (intransitive) to arise or stand up
Conjugation Edit
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
infinitive | simple | surgir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | surgissant /syʁ.ʒi.sɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | surgi /syʁ.ʒi/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgit /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgissons /syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/ |
surgissez /syʁ.ʒi.se/ |
surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/ |
imperfect | surgissais /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ |
surgissais /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ |
surgissait /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ |
surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ |
surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/ |
surgissaient /syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/ | |
past historic2 | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgit /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgîmes /syʁ.ʒim/ |
surgîtes /syʁ.ʒit/ |
surgirent /syʁ.ʒiʁ/ | |
future | surgirai /syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/ |
surgiras /syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/ |
surgira /syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/ |
surgirons /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/ |
surgirez /syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/ |
surgiront /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | surgirais /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ |
surgirais /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ |
surgirait /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ |
surgirions /syʁ.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/ |
surgiriez /syʁ.ʒi.ʁje/ |
surgiraient /syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/ |
surgisses /syʁ.ʒis/ |
surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/ |
surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ |
surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/ |
surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/ |
imperfect2 | surgisse /syʁ.ʒis/ |
surgisses /syʁ.ʒis/ |
surgît /syʁ.ʒi/ |
surgissions /syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/ |
surgissiez /syʁ.ʒi.sje/ |
surgissent /syʁ.ʒis/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | surgis /syʁ.ʒi/ |
— | surgissons /syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/ |
surgissez /syʁ.ʒi.se/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Further reading Edit
- “surgir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Portuguese Edit
Etymology Edit
From Latin surgere (“to get up, to arise”).
Pronunciation Edit
Verb Edit
surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgi, past participle surgido)
Conjugation Edit
Spanish Edit
Etymology Edit
From Latin surgere (“to get up, arise”). Cognate with English surge and source.
Pronunciation Edit
Verb Edit
surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgí, past participle surgido)
- (intransitive) to arise, emerge, surface, crop up, spring up, pop up
- (intransitive) to appear
- Synonym: aparecer
- (intransitive) to grow out of, to come from, arise from (followed by de)
- to advance, ascent, rise (move up socially or professionally)
Conjugation Edit
infinitive | surgir | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | surgiendo | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | surgido | surgida | |||||
plural | surgidos | surgidas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | surjo | surgestú surgísvos |
surge | surgimos | surgís | surgen | |
imperfect | surgía | surgías | surgía | surgíamos | surgíais | surgían | |
preterite | surgí | surgiste | surgió | surgimos | surgisteis | surgieron | |
future | surgiré | surgirás | surgirá | surgiremos | surgiréis | surgirán | |
conditional | surgiría | surgirías | surgiría | surgiríamos | surgiríais | surgirían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | surja | surjastú surjásvos2 |
surja | surjamos | surjáis | surjan | |
imperfect (ra) |
surgiera | surgieras | surgiera | surgiéramos | surgierais | surgieran | |
imperfect (se) |
surgiese | surgieses | surgiese | surgiésemos | surgieseis | surgiesen | |
future1 | surgiere | surgieres | surgiere | surgiéremos | surgiereis | surgieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | surgetú surgívos |
surja | surjamos | surgid | surjan | ||
negative | no surjas | no surja | no surjamos | no surjáis | no surjan |
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
Derived terms Edit
Related terms Edit
Further reading Edit
- “surgir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014