عالم
Arabic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Borrowed from Aramaic עָלְמָא / ܥܳܠܡܳܐ (ʿāləmā) or Hebrew עוֹלָם (ʿōlām), possibly from Akkadian 𒂖𒆷𒈬𒌋𒀀 (/ellamu, illamu/, “front, before; both temporally and in location; coming before your time or being currently physically before you now”).
The pattern فَاعَل (fāʕal) is considered originally foreign to Arabic and Ethiopic, occurring only in likely loanwords such as طَابَع (ṭābaʕ), خَاتَم (ḵātam), فَالَج (fālaj). It should be noted some of these loans are suspected to be early, such as خَاتَم (ḵātam) being present in Old Arabian Inscriptions and عَالَم (ʕālam) retaining the sound masculine plural ending in spite of being treated as a non-human plural; a feature that suggests it existed prior to the restriction of such a use exclusively for male humans; whereas one group renders known Middle Iranian suffixes, as in طَابَق (ṭābaq) and سَاذَج (sāḏaj) and رَامَك (rāmak) and via Aramaic fricativized as in كَامَخ (kāmaḵ) the ending of which became Classical Persian ـه (-a) and ـک (-ak). Nautically, even Dravidian borrowings with this measure like طَالَم (ṭālam) are possible early. Consequently due to its early appearance, the فَاعَل (fāʕal) pattern has since become a sparsely used coined pattern in its own right, typically however still being reserved for loanwords using the structure of these earlier loans as their basis; for example the later loan طَاقَم (ṭāqam).
Alternative forms edit
- عٰلَم (ʕālam)
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
عَالَم • (ʕālam) m (plural عَالَمُون (ʕālamūn) or عَوَالِم (ʕawālim))
- world
- universe, cosmos, existence
- (chiefly Christianity) world, hereunder, worldly life
- Synonym: دُنْيَا (dunyā)
- فِي العالَمِ يَكُونُ لَكُم ضِيقٌ، وَلٰكِن ثِقُوا: أَنَا قَد غَلَبْتُ العالَم.
- fī l-ʕālami yakūnu lakum ḍīqun, walākin ṯiqū: ʔanā qad ḡalabtu l-ʕālam.
- In the world ye shall have tribulation; but be of good cheer: I have overcome the world. (John 16:33)
- things, creation, that which exists before you
- nation, people, group, type, or kind
Declension edit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالَم ʕālam |
الْعَالَم al-ʕālam |
عَالَم ʕālam |
Nominative | عَالَمٌ ʕālamun |
الْعَالَمُ al-ʕālamu |
عَالَمُ ʕālamu |
Accusative | عَالَمًا ʕālaman |
الْعَالَمَ al-ʕālama |
عَالَمَ ʕālama |
Genitive | عَالَمٍ ʕālamin |
الْعَالَمِ al-ʕālami |
عَالَمِ ʕālami |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | عَالَمَيْن ʕālamayn |
الْعَالَمَيْن al-ʕālamayn |
عَالَمَيْ ʕālamay |
Nominative | عَالَمَانِ ʕālamāni |
الْعَالَمَانِ al-ʕālamāni |
عَالَمَا ʕālamā |
Accusative | عَالَمَيْنِ ʕālamayni |
الْعَالَمَيْنِ al-ʕālamayni |
عَالَمَيْ ʕālamay |
Genitive | عَالَمَيْنِ ʕālamayni |
الْعَالَمَيْنِ al-ʕālamayni |
عَالَمَيْ ʕālamay |
Plural | sound masculine plural; basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالَمِين; عَوَالِم ʕālamīn; ʕawālim |
الْعَالَمِين; الْعَوَالِم al-ʕālamīn; al-ʕawālim |
عَالَمِي; عَوَالِم ʕālamī; ʕawālim |
Nominative | عَالَمُونَ; عَوَالِمُ ʕālamūna; ʕawālimu |
الْعَالَمُونَ; الْعَوَالِمُ al-ʕālamūna; al-ʕawālimu |
عَالَمُو; عَوَالِمُ ʕālamū; ʕawālimu |
Accusative | عَالَمِينَ; عَوَالِمَ ʕālamīna; ʕawālima |
الْعَالَمِينَ; الْعَوَالِمَ al-ʕālamīna; al-ʕawālima |
عَالَمِي; عَوَالِمَ ʕālamī; ʕawālima |
Genitive | عَالَمِينَ; عَوَالِمَ ʕālamīna; ʕawālima |
الْعَالَمِينَ; الْعَوَالِمِ al-ʕālamīna; al-ʕawālimi |
عَالَمِي; عَوَالِمِ ʕālamī; ʕawālimi |
Descendants edit
- → Azerbaijani: aləm
- → Bashkir: ғәләм (ğələm)
- → Bengali: আলম (alom)
- → Indonesian: alam
- → Kazakh: ғалам (ğalam), әлем (älem)
- → Kyrgyz: аалам (aalam)
- → Malay: alam
- Indonesian: alam
- → Middle Armenian: ալամ (alam)
- Armenian: ալամ (alam)
- → Ottoman Turkish: عالم (ʿālem)
- > Turkish: âlem (inherited)
- → Persian: عالم ('âlam)
- → Urdu: عالم (ālam)
- → Tabasaran: аьлам (a̱lam)
- → Uzbek: olam
Etymology 2 edit
Derived from the active participle of the verb عَلِمَ (ʕalima, “to know”), from the root ع ل م (ʕ-l-m).
Noun edit
عَالِم • (ʕālim) m (plural عَالِمُون (ʕālimūn) or عُلَمَاء (ʕulamāʔ), feminine عَالِمَة (ʕālima))
Declension edit
Singular | Masculine | Feminine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic singular triptote | singular triptote in ـَة (-a) | |||||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالِم ʕālim |
الْعَالِم al-ʕālim |
عَالِم ʕālim |
عَالِمَة ʕālima |
الْعَالِمَة al-ʕālima |
عَالِمَة ʕālimat |
Nominative | عَالِمٌ ʕālimun |
الْعَالِمُ al-ʕālimu |
عَالِمُ ʕālimu |
عَالِمَةٌ ʕālimatun |
الْعَالِمَةُ al-ʕālimatu |
عَالِمَةُ ʕālimatu |
Accusative | عَالِمًا ʕāliman |
الْعَالِمَ al-ʕālima |
عَالِمَ ʕālima |
عَالِمَةً ʕālimatan |
الْعَالِمَةَ al-ʕālimata |
عَالِمَةَ ʕālimata |
Genitive | عَالِمٍ ʕālimin |
الْعَالِمِ al-ʕālimi |
عَالِمِ ʕālimi |
عَالِمَةٍ ʕālimatin |
الْعَالِمَةِ al-ʕālimati |
عَالِمَةِ ʕālimati |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | ||||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالِمَيْن ʕālimayn |
الْعَالِمَيْن al-ʕālimayn |
عَالِمَيْ ʕālimay |
عَالِمَتَيْن ʕālimatayn |
الْعَالِمَتَيْن al-ʕālimatayn |
عَالِمَتَيْ ʕālimatay |
Nominative | عَالِمَانِ ʕālimāni |
الْعَالِمَانِ al-ʕālimāni |
عَالِمَا ʕālimā |
عَالِمَتَانِ ʕālimatāni |
الْعَالِمَتَانِ al-ʕālimatāni |
عَالِمَتَا ʕālimatā |
Accusative | عَالِمَيْنِ ʕālimayni |
الْعَالِمَيْنِ al-ʕālimayni |
عَالِمَيْ ʕālimay |
عَالِمَتَيْنِ ʕālimatayni |
الْعَالِمَتَيْنِ al-ʕālimatayni |
عَالِمَتَيْ ʕālimatay |
Genitive | عَالِمَيْنِ ʕālimayni |
الْعَالِمَيْنِ al-ʕālimayni |
عَالِمَيْ ʕālimay |
عَالِمَتَيْنِ ʕālimatayni |
الْعَالِمَتَيْنِ al-ʕālimatayni |
عَالِمَتَيْ ʕālimatay |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | ||||
sound masculine plural; basic broken plural diptote | sound feminine plural | |||||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | عَالِمِين; عُلَمَاء ʕālimīn; ʕulamāʔ |
الْعَالِمِين; الْعُلَمَاء al-ʕālimīn; al-ʕulamāʔ |
عَالِمِي; عُلَمَاء ʕālimī; ʕulamāʔ |
عَالِمَات ʕālimāt |
الْعَالِمَات al-ʕālimāt |
عَالِمَات ʕālimāt |
Nominative | عَالِمُونَ; عُلَمَاءُ ʕālimūna; ʕulamāʔu |
الْعَالِمُونَ; الْعُلَمَاءُ al-ʕālimūna; al-ʕulamāʔu |
عَالِمُو; عُلَمَاءُ ʕālimū; ʕulamāʔu |
عَالِمَاتٌ ʕālimātun |
الْعَالِمَاتُ al-ʕālimātu |
عَالِمَاتُ ʕālimātu |
Accusative | عَالِمِينَ; عُلَمَاءَ ʕālimīna; ʕulamāʔa |
الْعَالِمِينَ; الْعُلَمَاءَ al-ʕālimīna; al-ʕulamāʔa |
عَالِمِي; عُلَمَاءَ ʕālimī; ʕulamāʔa |
عَالِمَاتٍ ʕālimātin |
الْعَالِمَاتِ al-ʕālimāti |
عَالِمَاتِ ʕālimāti |
Genitive | عَالِمِينَ; عُلَمَاءَ ʕālimīna; ʕulamāʔa |
الْعَالِمِينَ; الْعُلَمَاءِ al-ʕālimīna; al-ʕulamāʔi |
عَالِمِي; عُلَمَاءِ ʕālimī; ʕulamāʔi |
عَالِمَاتٍ ʕālimātin |
الْعَالِمَاتِ al-ʕālimāti |
عَالِمَاتِ ʕālimāti |
Descendants edit
- → Azerbaijani: alim
- → Bengali: আলেম (alem)
- → Fula: aalim
- → Persian: عالم ('âlem)
- → Ottoman Turkish: عالم (ʿālim)
- > Turkish: âlim (inherited)
- → Kazakh: ғалым (ğalym)
- → Kyrgyz: аалым (aalım)
- → Urdu: عالم (ālim)
References edit
- “ˁlm”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Fischer, Wolfdietrich (2006) Grammatik des Klassischen Arabisch (in German), 4th edition, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, § 62 Anm. 5, page 36
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis[1] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 17
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis[2] (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 21
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 208–209
- Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik[3] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 112
Kohistani Shina edit
Noun edit
عالم ('alim)
North Levantine Arabic edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
عالم • (ʕālam) m (plural عوالم (ʕwālim))
- world
- Synonym: دني (dini)
- people, folk
- Synonym: ناس (nās)
- كان في كتير عالم هنيك.
- Kān fi ktīr ʕālam hunīk.
- There were a lot of people there.
Usage notes edit
- When meaning “people” it is often construed with a feminine or plural verb, like ناس.
Ottoman Turkish edit
Etymology 1 edit
Noun edit
عالم • (alem) (plural عالمون (alemun), and عوالم (ewalim))
Descendants edit
- Turkish: âlem
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
عالم • (alim) (plural علما (ulema), and علام (ullam))
- learned man, scholar, man of letters
- particularly, a member of a certain class of men with a state-sponsored tenure, as distinguished from a mufti, being part of the askeri class, alim [since Mehmed II]
Adjective edit
عالم • (alim)
Descendants edit
- Turkish: âlim
Further reading edit
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “عالم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[4], Vienna, columns 3196–3197
- Ottoman imperial Sunni ulama on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
- Die Ulamā im Osmanischen Reich on the German Wikipedia.Wikipedia de
Persian edit
Etymology 1 edit
Borrowed from Arabic عَالَم (ʕālam).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʔɑː.ˈlam]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʔɒː.lǽm]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʔɔ.lǽm]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | ālam |
Dari reading? | ālam |
Iranian reading? | âlam |
Tajik reading? | olam |
Noun edit
Dari | عالم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | олам |
عالَم • ('âlam)
- world; universe
- c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 64:
- کین جهان چاهیست بس تاریک و تنگ
هست بیرون عالمی بی بو و رنگ- k-in jahân čâhi-st bas târik o tang
hast birun 'âlami bi bu vo rang - [Saying,] "This world is an exceeding dark and narrow pit; outside is a world without scent or colour."
- k-in jahân čâhi-st bas târik o tang
- late 1300s, Xāja Shams-ud-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī, “Ghazal 470 (Sīne mālāmāl-e dard ast)”, in دیوان حافظ [Divān of Ḥāfeẓ]:
Descendants edit
- → Gujarati: આલમ (ālam)
Etymology 2 edit
Borrowed from Arabic عَالِم (ʕālim).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [ʔɑː.ˈlim]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [ʔɒː.lém]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [ʔɔ.lím]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | ālim |
Dari reading? | ālim |
Iranian reading? | âlem |
Tajik reading? | olim |
Adjective edit
Dari | عالم |
---|---|
Iranian Persian | |
Tajik | олим |
عالِم • ('âlem)
Related terms edit
- علم ('elm, “knowledge”)
Descendants edit
- → Gujarati: આલિમ (ālim)
Punjabi edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
عالَم • (ʻālam) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਲਮ)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
عالَم • (ʻālam) (Gurmukhi spelling ਆਲਮ)
Usage notes edit
- Many Arabic loanwords, such as عالَم (ʻālam), can have multiple meanings in Punjabi, where in this case, one is related to the noun, while the latter meaning is used to refer to the adjective. Both are borrowed from different Arabic words, yet have the same pronunciation in Punjabi, unlike in, the sister language, Urdu عالِم ('ālim), (and rarely in Hindi आलिम (ālim)), where there is a distinction in pronunciation between the adjective and the noun. This can cause ambiguity as generally Punjabi speakers, who tend to also speak Hindi and Urdu, might actually mix words from either languages and not emphasise on the difference in pronunciation.
Related terms edit
- عِلْم (ʻilm)
South Levantine Arabic edit
Root |
---|
ع ل م |
7 terms |
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
عالم • (ʕālam) m
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
عالم • (ʕālem) (feminine عالمة (ʕālme), elative أعلم (ʔaʕlam))
Noun edit
عالم • (ʕālem) m (plural علماء (ʕulamāʔ), feminine عالمة (ʕālme))
Urdu edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ɑː.ləm/
Audio (PK) (file) - Rhymes: -əm
Noun edit
عالَم • ('ālam) m (Hindi spelling आलम)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ɑː.lɪm/
Audio (PK) (file) - Rhymes: -ɪm
Adjective edit
عالِم • ('ālim) (Hindi spelling आलिम)
Noun edit
عالم • ('ālim) m (Hindi spelling आलिम)
Related terms edit
- علم ('ilm)