See also:
U+6E1B, 減
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E1B

[U+6E1A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6E1C]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
Japan
 
(Swap 5 and 4
for Chinese;
additionally,
swap 12 and 11
for Taiwan.)

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 85, +9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水戈竹口 (EIHR), four-corner 33150, composition )

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 633, character 42
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17759
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1040, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1671, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6E1B

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ): semantic (water) + phonetic (OC *ɡrɯːm, seal) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. is the original character of and also serves as a semantic component.

Etymology 1 edit

trad. /
simp.

Pronunciation edit


Note:
  • kiám - vernacular;
  • kám - literary;
  • kiám - literary (Zhangzhou).

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕian²¹⁴/
Harbin /t͡ɕian²¹³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕian¹³/
Jinan /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕian⁵³/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiã⁵³/
Xining /t͡ɕiã⁵³/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕian⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕian⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕiɛn⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡ɕian⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕian⁴²/
/kan⁴²/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁵³/
Nanjing /t͡ɕien²¹²/
Hefei /t͡ɕiĩ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie⁵³/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕie⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /ke⁵³/
Suzhou /ke̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiẽ̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /ka³⁵/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕie³⁵/
/kɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /kɔ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kan⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kan²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kam³¹/
Taoyuan /kɑm³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kam³⁵/
Nanning /kam³⁵/
Hong Kong /kam³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵³/
/kiam⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɛiŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiam⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kiam²¹³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (33) (28)
Final () (151) (151)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () II II
Fanqie
Baxter heamX keamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦˠɛmX/ /kˠɛmX/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦᵚæmX/ /kᵚæmX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɐmX/ /kɐmX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦəɨmX/ /kəɨmX/
Li
Rong
/ɣɐmX/ /kɐmX/
Wang
Li
/ɣɐmX/ /kɐmX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣămX/ /kămX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiàn jiǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
haam6 gaam2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiǎn jiǎn
Middle
Chinese
‹ hɛmX › ‹ kɛmX ›
Old
Chinese
/*m-kˁr[ə]mʔ/ /*kˁr[ə]mʔ/
English abridge reduce

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 13509 13521
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1 1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*krɯːmʔ/ /*ɡrɯːmʔ/

Definitions edit

  1. to decrease; to subtract; to diminish
  2. (arithmetic) to subtract
    Antonym: (jiā)
  3. 55th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "diminishment" (𝌼)
  4. (chemistry) basic
    Antonym: (suān)
  5. (Cantonese) to sweep (food over to another container)

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

trad. /
simp.
alternative forms (gam2) Cantonese
(gam2) Cantonese
𡄎 (gam2) Cantonese
(gan2) Cantonese

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “from etymology 1?”)

Pronunciation edit


Definitions edit

  1. (Cantonese) Used after a verb or adjective to indicate partial attainment of an amount/degree.
    蛋糕細路仔 [Cantonese, trad.]
    蛋糕细路仔 [Cantonese, simp.]
    go3 daan6 gou1 bei2 di1 sai3 lou6 zai2 sik6 gam2 jat1 daai6 gyut6. [Jyutping]
    The kids ate a big section of the cake.
    次次硬係 [Cantonese, trad.]
    次次硬系 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ci3 ci3 ngaang6-2 hai6 siu2 gam2 gei2 go3 jan4. [Jyutping]
    We're missing a few people every single time.
    頭先而家 [Cantonese, trad.]
    头先𰥛而家 [Cantonese, simp.]
    tau4 sin1 go3 tau4 hou2 tung3, fan3 jyun4 jat1 gaau3, ji4 gaa1 hou2 gam2 di1 laa3. [Jyutping]
    I had a bad headache before. After taking a nap, I feel a bit better.

References edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Suffix edit

(げん) (-gen

  1. reduction

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese (MC keamX). Recorded as Middle Korean (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (deol gam))

  1. Hanja form? of (reduction).

Compounds edit

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

: Hán Nôm readings: giảm, dởm, xảm

  1. Decrease, reduce, lessen