皇
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Translingual edit
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Stroke order (Japan) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character edit
皇 (Kangxi radical 106, 白+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日一土 (HAMG), four-corner 26104, composition ⿱白王)
Derived characters edit
- 喤, 堭, 媓, 崲, 徨, 惶, 揘, 湟, 隍, 𣈷, 楻, 煌, 瑝, 遑, 䄓, 䅣, 䊗, 𬗬, 艎, 蝗, 諻(𬤍), 䞹, 鍠(锽), 韹, 䬖, 餭(𫗮), 騜(𫘩), 鰉(鳇), 䑟, 皝, 皩, 䳨(𬸛), 葟, 篁, 凰, 𡈁, 㾮
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 786, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 22701
- Dae Jaweon: page 1201, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2645, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7687
Chinese edit
| simp. and trad. |
皇 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin edit
| Historical forms of the character 皇 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 皇 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 惶 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 遑 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 堭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 煌 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 餭 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 騜 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 艎 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 隍 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 湟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 徨 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 篁 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 蝗 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs |
| 凰 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 偟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 媓 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 韹 | *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 葟 | *ɡʷaːŋ |
| 皝 | *ɡʷaːŋʔ |
| 汪 | *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ |
| 尪 | *qʷaːŋ |
| 迋 | *kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 逛 | *kʷaŋʔ |
| 誑 | *kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs |
| 匡 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 筐 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 框 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 眶 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 誆 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 邼 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 恇 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 劻 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 洭 | *kʰʷaŋ |
| 軭 | *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ |
| 狂 | *ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs |
| 軖 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 鵟 | *ɡʷaŋ |
| 俇 | *ɡʷaŋʔ |
| 王 | *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs |
| 蚟 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 彺 | *ɢʷaŋ |
| 旺 | *ɢʷaŋs |
| 諻 | *qʰʷraːŋ |
| 喤 | *qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 瑝 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 鍠 | *ɡʷraːŋ |
| 揘 | *ɡʷaŋ |
Pictogram (象形) ― a lit oil lamp. The derivative 煌 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ) refers to the original word.
Later developed into a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 白 (“flame”) + phonetic 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs).
Etymology edit
Bodman (1980) proposes a connection with 王 (OC *ɢʷaŋ) "king" (see there for more information).
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
皇
Compounds edit
- 三皇 (Sānhuáng)
- 上皇 (shànghuáng)
- 三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)
- 二皇
- 人心皇皇
- 人皇
- 保皇會／保皇会
- 倉倉皇皇／仓仓皇皇
- 倉皇／仓皇 (cānghuáng)
- 倉皇失措／仓皇失措
- 倉皇無措／仓皇无措
- 偽皇／伪皇 (wěihuáng)
- 先皇 (xiānhuáng)
- 兒皇帝／儿皇帝
- 典雅堂皇
- 典麗矞皇／典丽矞皇
- 冠冕堂皇 (guānmiǎntánghuáng)
- 后皇
- 唐哉皇哉
- 唐明皇 (Tángmínghuáng)
- 國戚皇親／国戚皇亲
- 土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
- 堂堂皇皇
- 堂皇 (tánghuáng)
- 堂皇富麗／堂皇富丽
- 堂皇正大
- 堂而皇之 (táng'érhuángzhī)
- 大皇
- 太上皇 (tàishànghuáng)
- 天皇 (tiānhuáng)
- 太皇太后 (tài huáng tàihòu)
- 女皇 (nǚhuáng)
- 娥皇 (Éhuáng)
- 媧皇／娲皇 (Wāhuáng)
- 富麗堂皇／富丽堂皇 (fùlì tánghuáng)
- 帝皇 (dìhuáng)
- 張皇／张皇 (zhānghuáng)
- 張皇失措／张皇失措
- 教皇 (jiàohuáng)
- 旁皇 (pánghuáng)
- 明治天皇
- 末代皇帝
- 東皇／东皇
- 梁皇寶懺／梁皇宝忏
- 梁皇懺
- 歎皇陵／叹皇陵
- 步武堂皇
- 汲汲皇皇
- 沙皇 (shāhuáng)
- 泰皇
- 燕啄皇孫／燕啄皇孙
- 玉皇 (Yùhuáng)
- 玉皇上帝 (Yùhuáng Shàngdì)
- 玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì)
- 玉皇廟／玉皇庙 (Yùhuángmiào)
- 發皇／发皇
- 皇上 (huángshang)
- 皇位 (huángwèi)
- 皇儲／皇储 (huángchǔ)
- 皇冠 (huángguān)
- 皇叔 (huángshū)
- 皇后 (huánghòu)
- 皇圖／皇图
- 皇城 (huángchéng)
- 皇墳／皇坟
- 皇天 (huángtiān)
- 皇太后 (huángtàihòu)
- 皇天后土 (huángtiānhòutǔ)
- 皇太子 (huángtàizǐ)
- 皇妣 (huángbǐ)
- 皇姑 (huánggū)
- 皇姑屯
- 皇威 (huángwēi)
- 皇室 (huángshì)
- 皇宮／皇宫 (huánggōng)
- 皇家 (huángjiā)
- 皇家學會／皇家学会
- 皇州 (huángzhōu)
- 皇帝 (huángdì)
- 皇帝豆 (huángdìdòu)
- 皇恩 (huáng'ēn)
- 皇恐灘／皇恐滩 (Huángkǒng Tān)
- 皇族 (huángzú)
- 皇朝 (huángcháo)
- 皇極／皇极
- 皇極數／皇极数
- 皇權／皇权 (huángquán)
- 皇甫 (Huángfǔ)
- 皇皇 (huánghuáng)
- 皇皇者華／皇皇者华
- 皇矣
- 皇祖
- 皇祖妣 (huángzǔbǐ)
- 皇祖考 (huángzǔkǎo)
- 皇統／皇统
- 皇綱／皇纲 (huánggāng)
- 皇考 (huángkǎo)
- 皇舅
- 皇舞
- 皇芮 (Huángruì)
- 皇親／皇亲 (huángqīn)
- 皇親國戚／皇亲国戚 (huángqīnguóqī)
- 皇覽／皇览
- 皇輿／皇舆
- 皇辟 (huángbì)
- 皇邑
- 皇邸
- 皇都
- 皇陵 (huánglíng)
- 皇靈／皇灵
- 矞皇
- 秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng)
- 秦始皇陵
- 秦皇島／秦皇岛 (Qínhuángdǎo)
- 羲皇
- 羲皇上人
- 老皇曆／老皇历 (lǎohuánglì)
- 聿皇
- 舊皇曆／旧皇历
- 英皇 (yīnghuáng)
- 西皇
- 遹皇
- 馬師皇／马师皇
- 鳳皇于蜚
- 鸞皇／鸾皇
Descendants edit
References edit
- “皇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese edit
Kanji edit
Readings edit
- Go-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)←わう (wau, historical)
- Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)←くわう (kwau, historical)
- Kun: きみ (kimi, 皇); すめ (sume, 皇); すべ (sube); すめら (sumera); すべら (subera); すべらぎ (suberagi, 皇); すめらぎ (sumeragi, 皇)
Compounds edit
Etymology 1 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| こう Grade: 6 |
| kan’on |
/kʷau/ → /kʷɔː/ → /kɔː/ → /koː/
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC hwang).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation edit
Affix edit
Derived terms edit
- 皇位 (kōi)
- 皇威 (kōi)
- 皇胤 (kōin)
- 皇運 (kōun)
- 皇裔 (kōei)
- 皇恩 (kōon)
- 皇化 (kōka)
- 皇家 (kōka)
- 皇華 (kōka)
- 皇学 (kōgaku)
- 皇嘉門 (Kōkamon)
- 皇漢 (Kōkan)
- 皇侃 (Kōkan)
- 皇基 (kōki)
- 皇紀 (Kōki)
- 皇宮 (kōkyū)
- 皇居 (kōkyo)
- 皇宮 (kōgū)
- 皇軍 (kōgun)
- 皇系 (kōkei)
- 皇継 (kōkei)
- 皇闕 (kōketsu)
- 皇后 (kōgō)
- 皇后宮 (kōgōgū)
- 皇考 (kōkō)
- 皇国 (kōkoku)
- 皇嗣 (kōshi)
- 皇子 (kōshi)
- 皇師 (kōshi)
- 皇室 (kōshitsu)
- 皇寿 (kōju)
- 皇女 (kōjo)
- 皇上 (kōjō)
- 皇城 (kōjō)
- 皇庶子 (kōshoshi)
- 皇親 (kōshin)
- 皇曽孫 (kōsōson)
- 皇籍 (kōseki)
- 皇祖 (kōso)
- 皇祚 (kōso)
- 皇宗 (kōsō)
- 皇族 (kōzoku)
- 皇祖考 (kōsokō)
- 皇祖妣 (kōsohi)
- 皇孫 (kōson)
- 皇太后 (kōtaigō)
- 皇太子 (kōtaishi)
- 皇大神 (Kōtaijin)
- 皇太孫 (kōtaison)
- 皇太弟 (kōtaitei)
- 皇太妃 (kōtaihi)
- 皇太夫人 (kōtaifujin)
- 皇沢 (kōtaku)
- 皇儲 (kōcho)
- 皇張 (kōchō)
- 皇朝 (Kōchō)
- 皇長子 (kōchōshi)
- 皇帝 (kōtei)
- 皇弟 (kōtei)
- 皇天 (kōten)
- 皇典 (kōten)
- 皇図 (kōto)
- 皇土 (kōdo)
- 皇都 (kōto)
- 皇統 (kōtō)
- 皇道 (kōdō)
- 皇妃 (kōhi)
- 皇妣 (kōhi)
- 皇風 (kōfū)
- 皇別 (kōbetsu)
- 皇謨 (kōbo)
- 皇民 (kōmin)
- 皇猶子 (kōyūshi)
- 皇輿 (kōyo)
- 皇陵 (kōryō)
- 皇霊 (kōrei)
- 教皇 (kyōkō)
- 三皇 (Sankō)
- 上皇 (jōkō)
- 女皇 (jokō)
- 先皇 (senkō)
- 倉皇 (sōkō)
- 地皇 (Chikō)
- 張皇 (chōkō)
- 儲皇 (chokō)
- 天皇 (Tenkō)
Proper noun edit
- a unisex given name
Etymology 2 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| おう Grade: 6 |
| goon |
/wau/ → /wɔː/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC hwang).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.
Pronunciation edit
Affix edit
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| すべ Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
/sume/ → /sube/
From Old Japanese, as a shift from older sume.[1]
Previously thought to be derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of Old Japanese verb 統ぶ (subu), modern 統べる (suberu, “to control, to govern, to rule”). However, later research into ancient phonetic spellings clarified that the be portion of the verb was realized as ⟨be2⟩. During the Old Japanese stage, ⟨be2⟩ could only have derived phonetically from ⟨me2⟩, and not from the ⟨me1⟩ syllable of the noun.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Prefix edit
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
Derived terms edit
Etymology 4 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| すめ Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨sume1⟩ → */sumʲe/ → /sume/
From Old Japanese. Appears to be the older form.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Prefix edit
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
Derived terms edit
Etymology 5 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| すべら Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
From the prefix 皇 (sube-, see above) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).
Pronunciation edit
Prefix edit
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
Derived terms edit
- 皇神 (suberagami)
- 天皇 (suberagi)
Etymology 6 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| すめら Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
From the prefix 皇 (sume-) + 等 (-ra, nominalizing and pluralizing suffix).
Pronunciation edit
Prefix edit
- (archaic) prefix of praise and respect, usually towards 神 (kami, “Shinto deities”) or 天皇 (tennō, “Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan”):
Derived terms edit
- 天皇 (sumeragi)
- 皇御軍 (sumeramikusa)
- 皇御国 (sumeramikuni)
- 天皇, 皇尊 (sumeramikoto)
Proper noun edit
- a female given name
Etymology 7 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| すべらぎ Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 天皇 |
/sumeraɡi/ → /suberaɡi/
Shift from sumeragi below, with the nasal /m/ becoming a plosive /b/.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan
Derived terms edit
Etymology 8 edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 皇 |
| すめらぎ Grade: 6 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 天皇 |
⟨sume1ro2ki1⟩ → */sumʲerəkʲi/ → */sumeraki/ → /sumeraɡi/
Possibly a shift from Old Japanese 天皇 (sume1ro2ki1).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
- (archaic) a term of address for an Emperor or Empress (regnant) of Japan
Proper noun edit
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 9 edit
Various nanori readings.
Proper noun edit
- a female given name
- a female given name
- a unisex given name
- a female given name
References edit
Korean edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Chinese 皇 (MC hwang).
| Historical readings |
|---|
|
Pronunciation edit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [황]
Hanja edit
皇 (eumhun 임금 황 (imgeum hwang))
Compounds edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Middle Chinese 皇.
| Historical readings |
|---|
|
Hanja edit
皇 (eumhun 엄숙할 왕 (eomsukhal wang))
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
皇: Hán Việt readings: hoàng (
皇: Nôm readings: hoàng[1][3][5], huỳnh[3]