| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (孤塗) | 孤 | 塗 | |
| simp. (孤涂) | 孤 | 涂 | |
| Rime | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 孤 | 塗 | 塗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 定 (7) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 模 (23) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | II |
| Fanqie | 古胡切 | 同都切 | 宅加切 |
| Baxter | ku | du | drae |
| Reconstructions | |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kuo/ | /duo/ | /ɖˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/kuo/ | /duo/ | /ɖᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ko/ | /do/ | /ȡa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kɔ/ | /dɔ/ | /ɖaɨ/ |
| Li Rong |
/ko/ | /do/ | /ȡa/ |
| Wang Li |
/ku/ | /du/ | /ȡa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/kuo/ | /dʱuo/ | /ȡʱa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
gū | tú | chá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
gu1 | tou4 | caa4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 孤 | 塗 | 塗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
gū | tú | tú |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ ku › | ‹ du › | ‹ du › |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʷˁa/ | /*lˁa/ | /*lˁa/ |
| English | orphan | to plaster | road |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 孤 | 塗 | 塗 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 4347 | 15751 | 15774 |
| Phonetic component |
瓜 | 余 | 余 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
孤 | 𡨀 | 徒 |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʷaː/ | /*rlaː/ | /*l'aː/ |
| Notes | 今作搽 | ||
孤塗