Wiktionary

天

See also: 夫, 禾, 末, 未, 夭, and 无
天 U+5929, 天
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929
← 夨
[U+5928] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 太 →
[U+592A]

Translingual Edit

Stroke order
 

Han character Edit

天 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一大 (MK), four-corner 10430, composition ⿱一大)

Derived characters Edit

Descendants Edit

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 248, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5833
  • Dae Jaweon: page 500, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 522, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5929

Chinese Edit

simp. and trad.
 天
alternative forms
 
𠀘
𠀡
𠑺
兲
𠕹
𠀘
𠀡
𠑺
兲
𠕹
㕦
䒶
𦴞
𩇗
𩇞
靝／靔 Taoist
𠀑
𬻃
 
The sky over Guangdong.
 
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in Beijing's Temple of Heaven.
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 天 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 天 (Cantonese)
  • Tian (English)

Glyph origin Edit

Historical forms of the character 天
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
                   
Characters in the same phonetic series (天) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
添 *tʰiːm
忝 *l̥ʰiːmʔ, *l̥ʰiːms
悿 *tʰiːmʔ
舔 *l̥ʰiːmʔ
菾 *diːm
天 *qʰl'iːn
吞 *qʰl'iːn, *qʰl'ɯːn
祆 *qʰliːn
蚕 *zluːm, *hl'iːnʔ

A top line representing the level above a man with outstretched arms (大 (dà)). Ancient representations of the character depicted a man with a large head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.

Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (“crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 (tiān) as a derivation of 顛 or 巔, “top (of the head/hill)”.

Etymology Edit

This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. According to chapter 1 of Shiming, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC xenX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC thanX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC xen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC then trjuwk, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").

Further etymology is unknown. During the time when this term was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/. Chen (1998) proposes cognation with 祁連 (OC *g'ieg-lian) and 赫連 (OC *khak-lian), transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", which he also relates to 昊天 (OC *g'ôg-hlin).

Pronunciation Edit

Note:
  • thiⁿ - vernacular;
  • thian - literary.
Note:
  • tin1 - vernacular;
  • tiêng1/tiang1 - literary (tiêng1 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 天
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 透 (6)
    Final (韻) 先 (85)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) IV
    Fanqie 他前切
    Baxter then
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tʰen/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tʰen/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tʰɛn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/tʰɛn/
    Li
    Rong         		/tʰen/
    Wang
    Li         		/tʰien/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tʰien/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		tiān
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		tin1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 天 天
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		tiān xiān
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ then › ‹ xen ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l̥ˁi[n]/ /*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-)
    English heaven heaven

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 天
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12387
    Phonetic
    component         		天
    Rime
    group         		眞
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		天
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qʰl'iːn/

    Definitions Edit

    天

    1. sky; heavens; heavenly; celestial
      天空  ―  tiānkōng  ―  sky
      天黑了。  ―  Tiān hēi le.  ―  It's getting dark. (lit. The sky is becoming black)
    2. (mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly
      上天  ―  shàngtiān  ―  to go up to the sky; to go to heaven
      天意  ―  tiānyì  ―  Heaven's will
    3. (mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity; often translated as God
      天主  ―  tiānzhǔ  ―  God
      老天  ―  lǎotiān  ―  god
      我的天啊！  ―  Wǒ de tiān a!  ―  Oh my God!
      天助自助者。  ―  Tiān zhù zì zhù zhě.  ―  God helps those who help themselves.
    4. top; overhead
      天橋／天桥  ―  tiānqiáo  ―  footbridge
      天窗  ―  tiānchuāng  ―  sunroof
    5. weather; climate
      天很冷。  ―  Tiān hěn lěng.  ―  It's very cold.
      如果天晴，我們就去散步。 [MSC, trad.]
      如果天晴，我们就去散步。 [MSC, simp.]
      Rúguǒ tiān qíng, wǒmen jiù qù sànbù. [Pinyin]
      If the weather clears, we'll go for a walk.
    6. day (24 hours)
      今天  ―  jīntiān  ―  today
      明天  ―  míngtiān  ―  tomorrow
      三天  ―  sān tiān  ―  three days
    7. day (as opposed to night)
      白天  ―  báitiān  ―  daytime
      三天兩夜／三天两夜  ―  sān tiān liǎng yè  ―  three days and two nights
    8. period of time in a day
      五更天  ―  wǔgèngtiān  ―  just before dawn
      天不早了。  ―  Tiān bù zǎo le.  ―  It's getting late.
    9. season
      春天、夏天、秋天、冬天 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      chūntiān, xiàtiān, qiūtiān, dōngtiān [Pinyin]
      spring, summer, autumn, winter
      黃梅天／黄梅天  ―  huángméitiān  ―  rainy season
    10. nature
      天災／天灾  ―  tiānzāi  ―  natural disaster
    11. natural; innate
      天生  ―  tiānshēng  ―  innate
      天性  ―  tiānxìng  ―  nature, personality
      天才  ―  tiāncái  ―  genius
    12. (Hong Kong) Short for 天水圍／天水围 (Tiānshuǐwéi, “Tin Shui Wai”).

    Synonyms Edit

    Dialectal synonyms of 天空 (“sky”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 天
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 天, 天空
    Mandarin Xi'an 天
    Singapore 天
    Cantonese Guangzhou 天
    Hong Kong 天
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 天
    Macau 天
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 天
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 天
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 天
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 天
    Foshan 天
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 天
    Foshan (Shunde) 天
    Foshan (Sanshui) 天空
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 天空
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 天
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 天
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 天
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 天
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 天
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 天
    Taishan 天
    Taishan (Guanghai) 天
    Kaiping (Chikan) 天
    Enping (Niujiang) 天
    Heshan (Yayao) 天空
    Dongguan 天
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 天空
    Lianshan (Yonghe) 天
    Pingnan (Danzhu) 天
    Chongzuo (Laituan) 天
    Fusui (Qujiu) 天
    Singapore (Guangfu) 天
    Mandalay (Taishan) 天
    Gan Nanchang 天
    Hakka Meixian 天
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 天, 天空
    Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) 天
    Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) 天
    Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) 天
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 天頂
    Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) 天
    Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 天
    Boluo (Bendihua) 天
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 天空
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 天
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 天
    Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) 天
    Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 天
    Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) 天
    Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 天
    Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) 天
    Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 天
    Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) 天
    Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) 天
    Conghua (Lütian) 天空
    Min Dong Fuzhou 天
    Min Nan Xiamen 天
    Singapore (Hokkien) 天
    Manila (Hokkien) 天, 天頂
    Singapore (Teochew) 天
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 天
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Sucun) 天
    Wu Shanghai 天
    Suzhou 天
    Wenzhou 天
    Jinhua 天公, 天
    Xiang Changsha 天
    Xiangxiang 天
    Hengshan 天
    Dialectal synonyms of 天氣 (“weather”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 氣候, 天景, 氣
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 天氣
    Mandarin Beijing 天氣, 天兒
    Taiwan 天氣
    Tianjin 天兒
    Tangshan 天氣, 天頭
    Cangzhou 天氣
    Baoding 天氣, 天道
    Shijiazhuang 天氣
    Ulanhot 天頭
    Tongliao 天頭
    Chifeng 天氣
    Bayanhot 天氣
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 天氣
    Harbin 天氣, 天兒, 天
    Shenyang 天氣, 天頭
    Yantai (Muping) 天氣
    Qingdao 天氣, 天兒
    Jinan 天氣, 天兒
    Luoyang 天氣
    Wanrong 天氣
    Zhengzhou 天氣
    Xi'an 天氣
    Dingbian 天, 天氣
    Yinchuan 天氣
    Lanzhou 天氣
    Xining 天氣, 天氣兒
    Ürümqi 天氣, 天
    Wuhan 天氣, 天道
    Huanggang 天頭
    Chengdu 天氣
    Guiyang 天氣
    Kunming 天氣
    Guilin 天氣
    Guilin (Lingui) 天氣
    Pingle 天氣
    Liuzhou 天氣, 天時
    Liuzhou (Luorong) 天氣
    Luzhai 天氣
    Nanning (Wuming) 天氣, 天色
    Yizhou 天氣, 天時
    Luocheng (Dongmen) 天氣
    Tianlin (Langping) 天氣
    Xuzhou 天氣, 天
    Yangzhou 天氣, 天
    Nanjing 天氣, 天
    Hefei 天氣
    Nantong 天氣
    Qimen (Anling Junhua) 天氣
    Malaysia 天氣
    Singapore 天氣
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 天氣
    Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 天氣
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 天氣, 天時
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 天氣
    Oudomxay 天氣
    Pematangsiantar 天氣
    Cantonese Guangzhou 天氣, 天時, 天候
    Hong Kong 天氣, 天時, 天候
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 天候, 天時
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 天時, 天氣
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 天時
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 天時
    Macau 天氣
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 天時
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 天氣
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 天時
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 天氣
    Foshan 天時
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 天時
    Foshan (Shunde) 天氣
    Foshan (Sanshui) 天氣
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 天氣
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 天時
    Zhongshan (Chongkoumen Tanka) 天氣
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 天時
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 天時
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 天時
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 天時
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 天時
    Taishan 天時, 天氣
    Taishan (Guanghai) 天氣
    Kaiping (Chikan) 天時
    Enping (Niujiang) 天時
    Heshan (Yayao) 天氣
    Dongguan 天時, 天氣
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 天時
    Qingyuan 天時
    Fogang 天時
    Yingde (Hanguang) 天時
    Yangshan 天氣
    Lianshan (Butian) 天氣
    Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 天氣
    Shaoguan 天時
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 天候, 天氣
    Renhua 天時
    Lechang 天氣
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 天氣
    Sihui 天時
    Guangning 天時
    Deqing 天時, 天氣
    Huaiji 天時
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 天氣
    Yunfu 天氣
    Xinxing 天時
    Luoding 天時
    Yunan (Pingtai) 天氣
    Yangjiang 天時, 天氣
    Xinyi 天氣
    Lianjiang 天氣
    Nanning 天氣
    Wuzhou 天氣
    Yulin 天氣
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 天時, 天氣
    Hepu (Shatian) 天時
    Guiping 天氣
    Guiping (Jintian) 天氣
    Guiping (Jiangkou) 天氣, 天時, 天色
    Guiping (Madong) 天氣, 天色
    Mengshan (Xihe) 天色
    Guigang (Nanjiang) 天氣
    Beiliu 天氣, 天色
    Beiliu (Tangliao) 天色
    Baise 天氣
    Bobai 天氣
    Lingshan 天氣
    Pubei 天氣
    Qinzhou 天氣
    Beihai 天氣, 天時
    Beihai (Nankang) 天時
    Beihai (Yingpan) 天時
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 天氣, 天時
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 天氣, 天時
    Ningming 天氣
    Hengzhou 天氣
    Hezhou (Pumen) 天氣
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 天氣, 天時
    Lingchuan (Yangjia) 天時
    Pingle (Majia) 天氣
    Pingle (Shuishan) 天氣
    Danzhou 天
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 天時, 天氣
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 天時
    Móng Cái 天氣, 天時
    Yangon (Taishan) 天氣, 氣候
    Mandalay (Taishan) 天氣
    Bangkok (Guangfu) 天時
    Gan Nanchang 天氣, 天色
    Pengze 天勢
    Lichuan 天氣, 天頭
    Pingxiang 天, 天氣
    Hakka Meixian 天氣, 天色, 天時
    Xingning 天時
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 天時
    Huidong (Daling) 天時
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 天時
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 天時
    Zengcheng (Zhengguo) 天時
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 天時
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 天時
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 天時
    Conghua (Lütian) 天氣
    Changting 天時
    Wuping 天時
    Wuping (Pingyu) 天時
    Liancheng 天時
    Liancheng (Peitian) 天意
    Yudu 天氣
    Ruijin 天氣
    Shicheng 天頭
    Shangyou (Shexi) 天色
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 天時, 天氣
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 天時, 天氣
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 天時, 天氣
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 天時, 天氣
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 天時, 天氣
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 天氣
    Hong Kong 天時
    Luchuan (Daqiao) 天氣
    Bobai (Shahe) 天氣
    Bobai (Longtan) 天氣
    Bobai (Lingping) 天氣, 天時
    Beiliu (Tang'an) 天時
    Beiliu (Gonghe) 天氣
    Mashan (Pianlian) 天氣
    Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 天氣
    Pingle (Tong'an) 天氣
    Yangshuo (Jinbao) 天氣
    Sabah (Longchuan) 天時
    Senai (Huiyang) 天時
    Singkawang 天時, 天氣
    Pontianak (Meixian) 天時, 天氣
    Bangkok (Meixian) 天時
    Bangkok (Fengshun) 天氣
    Bangkok (Jiexi) 天時
    Huizhou Jixi 天公
    Shexian 天氣
    Shexian (Xianggao) 天氣
    Shexian (Daguyun) 天氣
    Qimen (Anling Minhua) 天氣
    Jin Taiyuan 天氣, 天
    Datong 天氣
    Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 天氣
    Xinzhou 天氣
    Changzhi 天氣
    Taibus (Baochang) 天氣
    Linhe 天氣
    Jining 天氣
    Hohhot 天氣, 氣候
    Baotou 天氣
    Dongsheng 天氣
    Haibowan 天氣
    Zhangjiakou 天氣
    Handan 天氣
    Min Bei Jian'ou 天氣, 天時
    Pucheng (Shibei) 天氣
    Min Dong Fuzhou 天氣, 天時
    Fuqing 天氣
    Matsu 天氣
    Min Nan Xiamen 天時, 天氣
    Quanzhou 天時, 天氣
    Shishi 天時
    Yongchun 天色
    Zhangzhou 天時, 天氣
    Zhao'an 天氣, 天時
    Dongshan 天時
    Penang (Hokkien) 天時
    Singapore (Hokkien) 天時, 天氣
    Manila (Hokkien) 天氣
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 天氣
    Guiping (Xiaowen) 天氣
    Guiping (Dongsheng) 天氣
    Guilin (Biyange) 天氣
    Yuhuan (Kanmen) 天時
    Chaozhou 天時, 天氣
    Shantou 天時
    Shantou (Chenghai) 天時
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 天時
    Nan'ao (Houzhai) 天時
    Nan'ao (Yun'ao) 天時
    Jieyang 天時
    Lufeng 天時
    Haifeng 天時
    Bangkok (Teochew) 天時
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 天時
    Singapore (Teochew) 天時
    Pontianak (Teochew) 天時
    Wenchang 天氣
    Haikou 天時
    Qionghai 天氣
    Singapore (Hainanese) 天氣
    Puxian Min Putian 天時
    Xianyou 天時
    Min Zhong Yong'an 天氣
    Yanping (Wangtai) 天氣
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 天時
    Sanxiang 天時
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 天氣
    Nanning (Shajing) 天氣
    Nanning (Silian) 天氣
    Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 天氣
    Guilin (Chaoyang) 天氣
    Guilin (Zhuyuan) 天氣
    Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 天氣
    Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 天氣
    Lingchuan (Tanxia) 天氣
    Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 天氣
    Guanyang (Guanyinge) 天色
    Pingle (Zhangjia) 天氣
    Yangshuo (Jima) 天氣
    Yangshuo (Putao) 天色, 天氣
    Shehua Fu'an 天性
    Fuding 天氣
    Luoyuan 天性
    Sanming 天氣
    Shunchang 天氣
    Hua'an 天時
    Guixi (Zhangping) 天氣
    Cangnan 天氣
    Jingning 天性
    Lishui 天性
    Longyou 天性
    Chaozhou 天氣
    Fengshun 天時
    Waxiang Luxi (Liangjiatan) 天氣
    Chengbu (Xuntou) 天色
    Wu Shanghai 天氣
    Shanghai (Chongming) 天色
    Suzhou 天氣, 天
    Danyang 天氣, 天光
    Hangzhou 天空
    Ningbo 天價
    Taizhou 天價
    Yuhuan (Damaiyu) 天色
    Yuhuan (Chumen) 天價
    Wenzhou 天色, 天時
    Jinhua 天公, 天氣
    Xiang Changsha 天色, 天氣
    Xiangxiang 天氣
    Loudi 天色
    Shuangfeng 天氣
    Hengshan 天
    Hengshan (Baiguo) 天
    Quanzhou 天氣
    Guanyang (Wenshi) 天氣
    Dialectal synonyms of 天 (“day (24 hours)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 日
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 日, 天
    Mandarin Beijing 天
    Taiwan 天
    Wanrong 天
    Ürümqi 天
    Chengdu 天
    Guiyang 天
    Guilin 天
    Liuzhou 天
    Malaysia 天
    Singapore 天
    Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 天
    Cantonese Guangzhou 日
    Hong Kong 日
    Taishan 日
    Taishan (Guanghai) 日
    Guiping (Jintian) 日
    Chongzuo (Laituan) 天
    Fusui (Qujiu) 日
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 日
    Singapore (Guangfu) 日
    Mandalay (Taishan) 日, 天
    Gan Nanchang 日
    Lichuan 日
    Pingxiang 工, 日
    Hakka Meixian 日
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 日
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 日
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 日
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 日
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 日
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 日
    Huizhou Jixi 日
    Jin Taiyuan 天
    Min Bei Jian'ou 工
    Min Dong Fuzhou 日, 工
    Gutian 工
    Pingnan 工
    Fu'an 工
    Ningde 工
    Xiapu 工
    Zherong 工
    Shouning 工
    Zhouning 工
    Fuding 工
    Min Nan Xiamen 日
    Quanzhou 日, 工
    Anxi 工
    Yongchun 日, 工
    Zhangzhou 日
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 日
    Zhao'an 日
    Dongshan 日
    Taipei 工, 日
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 工, 日
    Kaohsiung 工, 日
    Yilan 工, 日
    Changhua (Lukang) 工, 日
    Taichung 日, 工
    Taichung (Wuqi) 工
    Tainan 工, 日
    Taitung 日
    Hsinchu 日, 工
    Kinmen 工
    Penghu (Magong) 工
    Penang (Hokkien) 日
    Singapore (Hokkien) 工, 日
    Manila (Hokkien) 日
    Datian 工
    Pingnan (Pingtian) 日
    Guilin (Biyange) 日
    Chaozhou 日
    Shantou 日
    Singapore (Teochew) 日
    Haikou 日
    Singapore (Hainanese) 日
    Puxian Min Putian 工, 日
    Putian (Donghai) 工
    Putian (Jiangkou) 日
    Putian (Nanri) 工
    Xianyou 工
    Xianyou (Fengting) 工
    Xianyou (Youyang) 工
    Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dabu) 日
    Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 日
    Guilin (Liangjiang, Lingui) 日
    Lingchuan (Sanjie) 日
    Wu Shanghai 天, 日, 日天
    Suzhou 日
    Hangzhou 日
    Ningbo 日
    Wenzhou 日
    Jinhua 日
    Xiang Changsha 天

    Compounds Edit

    Descendants Edit

    Sino-Xenic (天):
    • → Japanese: 天(てん) (ten)
    • → Korean: 천(天) (cheon)
    • → Vietnamese: thiên (天)

    References Edit

    Japanese Edit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji Edit

    天

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. heavens, sky

    Readings Edit

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    天
    あま
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. A bound form only appearing in compounds.[1][2] Compare the formation of 目 (ma, bound form in compounds) and 目 (me, standalone form), 手 (ta, bound form in compounds) and 手 (te, standalone form).

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    天(あま) • (ama) 

    1. (archaic) the sky, the heavens
    2. the area above a kitchen stove:
      1. where the smoke collects in an old kitchen using a wood-burning stove
      2. a shelf or shelves above the stove
    3. (archaic) heaven
    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms from noun あま

    Etymology 2 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    天
    あめ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    ⟨ame2⟩ → */aməj/ → /ame/

    From Old Japanese as a sound shift from ama above.[1] Compare 神 (kami, kan-, kamu-, “god”), 目 (me, ma-, “eye”), etc. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *amay.

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    天(あめ) • (ame) 

    1. (archaic) the sky, the heavens
    2. (archaic) heaven
    3. (archaic) the roof of a palace
    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms from noun あめ
    Idioms Edit
    Idioms

    Etymology 3 Edit

    Kanji in this term
    天
    てん
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 天 (MC then, “sky; heavens”). Compare modern Mandarin reading tiān.

    Pronunciation Edit

    Noun Edit

    天(てん) • (ten) 

    1. the sky, the heavens
    2. heaven
    3. (Buddhist god) a deva or devi
      Hyponym: 天女 (tennyo)
      天(てん)道(どう)
      tendō
      the world of heavenly gods; the world of devas
      天(てん)部(ぶ)
      tenbu
      devas; the class of heavenly gods
      大(だい)黒(こく)天(てん)
      Daikokuten
      Mahakala
      (literally, “the Great Black Deva”)
      弁(べん)才(ざい)天(てん)
      Benzaiten
      Saraswati
      (literally, “the Eloquent Devi”)
    4. (figurative) the gods, providence, fate
      天(てん)の与(あた)え
      ten no atae
      gift from the gods
    5. (printing, of a page) the top margin
      Antonym: 地
      Hypernym: マージン
    Derived terms Edit
    Derived terms from noun てん
    Idioms Edit
    Idioms

    Affix Edit

    天(てん) • (ten) 

    1. the sky, the heavens
    2. heaven
    3. Short for 天ぷら (tenpura).

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean Edit

    Etymology Edit

    From Middle Chinese 天 (MC then).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 텬 (Yale: thyèn)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: hànól) 텬 (Yale: thyèn)

    Pronunciation Edit

    Hanja Edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    天 (eumhun 하늘 천 (haneul cheon))

    1. Hanja form? of 천 (“sky; heaven”).

    Compounds Edit

    Compounds

    References Edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese Edit

    Han character Edit

    天: Hán Việt readings: thiên[1][2][3]
    天: Nôm readings: thiên[1][2][3], thiêng[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of thiên (“sky; heaven”).

    Compounds Edit

    Derived terms

    References Edit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
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