孤

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

孤 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+5 in Chinese, 子+6 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓木竹女人 (NDHVO), four-corner 1243₀, composition ⿰子瓜)

Derived charactersEdit

𦋆, 箛, 𦣮, 菰, 𡍢, 𡦈, 𡦶, 𢮩, 𣔞, 𦁣, 𧍆, 𨂗, 𨔌, 𩸰, 𪂮, 𪂲, 𪧄, 𪽵, 𫛈

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 279, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6966
Dae Jaweon: page 547, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1014, character 1
Unihan data for U+5B64

ChineseEdit

trad.		孤
simp. ^#		孤

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (瓜) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
瓜	*kʷraː
坬	*kʷraːs
窊	qʷraː, qʷraːs
畖	*qʷraː
搲	*qʷraːs
攨	*qʷraːs
孤	*kʷaː
苽	*kʷaː
胍	*kʷaː
泒	*kʷaː
呱	*kʷaː
觚	*kʷaː
柧	*kʷaː
罛	*kʷaː
軱	*kʷaː
菰	*kʷaː
箛	*kʷaː
狐	*ɡʷaː
弧	*ɡʷlaː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʷaː): semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).

EtymologyEdit

Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gū (gu¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ

(Chengdu, SP): gu¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gu¹
Gan (Wiktionary): gu¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kû

(Meixian, Guangdong): gu¹
Jin (Wiktionary): gu¹
Min Bei (KCR): gú
Min Dong (BUC): gŭ
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ko͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹
Wu (Wiktionary): ¹ku
Xiang (Wiktionary): gu¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gū
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gu
  - Wade–Giles: ku¹
  - Yale: gū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gu
  - Palladius: гу (gu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gu¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu¹
  - Yale: gū
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ku⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
  - Tâi-lô: koo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kof
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kɔ³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ¹ku
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kv̩ʷ⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 孤
Mandarin	Beijing	/ku⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ku⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/ku²¹/
	Jinan	/ku²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ku²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/ku²⁴/
	Xi'an	/ku²¹/
	Xining	/kv̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ku⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ku³¹/
	Ürümqi	/ku⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/ku⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/ku⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/ku⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/ku⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/ku³¹/
	Hefei	/ku²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ku¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ku¹³/
	Hohhot	/ku³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ku⁵³/
	Suzhou	/kəu⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ku³³/
	Wenzhou	/ku³³/
Hui	Shexian	/ku³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/ku¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ku³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ku³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/ku⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/ku⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ku⁵³/
	Nanning	/ku⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/ku⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kɔ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ku⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ku⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kou³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ku²³/ ～獨 /kɔu²³/ ～寒

Middle Chinese: /kuo/

Rime
Character	孤
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古胡切
Baxter	ku
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo/
Shao Rongfen	/ko/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ/
Li Rong	/ko/
Wang Li	/ku/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gū
Middle Chinese	‹ ku ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷˁa/
English	orphan
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孤
Reading #	1/1
No.	4347
Phonetic component	瓜
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	孤
Old Chinese	/*kʷaː/

DefinitionsEdit

孤

orphaned; parentless
alone; solitary
orphan
(usually by an emperor or a king) I
- 秦伯素服郊次，鄉師而哭曰：「孤違蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  秦伯素服郊次，乡师而哭曰：“孤违蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Qín bó sùfú jiāocì, xiàng shī ér kū yuē: “Gū wéi Jiǎnshū, yǐ rǔ èrsānzǐ, gū zhī zuì yě.” [Pinyin]
  The earl of Qin, in white mourning garments, was waiting for them in the borders of the capital, and wept, looking in the direction where the army had been lost. He said, "I have gone against the counsel of Jian Shu and thus brought disgrace on you, my generals; it is my crime."

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 孤

一意孤行 (yīyìgūxíng)
三孤
伶仃孤苦
六尺之孤
冷孤丁
字孤
存孤
孤丁
孤丁丁
孤介
孤伶伶
孤傲 (gū'ào)
孤僻 (gūpì)
孤光
孤危
孤另
孤另另
孤哀子
孤嗣
孤城 (gūchéng)
孤堆
孤女 (gūnǚ)
孤嫠 (gūlí)
孤子
孤孑 (gūjié)
孤孤恓恓
孤孤零零
孤客 (gūkè)
孤家
孤家寡人 (gūjiāguǎrén)
孤寂 (gūjì)
孤寒 (gūhán)
孤寡 (gūguǎ)
孤山 (Gūshān)
孤峭
孤帆
孤弱
孤形吊影
孤忠
孤恓
孤惸
孤拐
孤拐面
孤拔
孤挺花 (gūtǐnghuā)
孤本 (gūběn)
孤棚
孤特
孤王
孤生
孤眠
孤立 (gūlì)
孤竹
孤竹君
孤老
孤老院
孤臣
孤臣孽子
孤舟
孤芳
孤苦 (gūkǔ)
孤苦伶仃 (gūkǔlíngdīng)
孤苦零丁
孤蓬
孤行 (gūxíng)
孤行己意
孤身 (gūshēn)

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

孤

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

solitude, alone
orphan

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: く (ku)
Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
Kun: みなしご (minashigo, 孤); ひとり (hitori, 孤り)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

遺(い)孤(こ) (iko): orphan
孤(こ)雲(うん) (kōn)
孤(こ)影(えい) (koei)
孤(こ)猿(えん) (koen)
孤(こ)介(かい) (kokai)
孤(こ)客(かく) (kokaku)
孤(こ)雁(がん) (kogan)
孤(こ)笈(きゅう) (kokyū)
孤(こ)衾(きん) (kokin)
孤(こ)軍(ぐん) (kogun)
孤(こ)閨(けい) (kokei)
孤(こ)月(げつ) (kogetsu)
孤(こ)剣(けん) (koken)
孤(こ)高(こう) (kokō)
孤(こ)坐(ざ) (koza)
孤(こ)在(ざい) (kozai)
孤(こ)山(ざん) (kozan)
孤(こ)児(じ) (koji)
孤(こ)弱(じゃく) (kojaku)
孤(こ)樹(じゅ) (koju)
孤(こ)舟(しゅう) (koshū)
孤(こ)愁(しゅう) (koshū)
孤(こ)称(しょう) (koshō)
孤(こ)聳(しょう) (koshō)
孤(こ)城(じょう) (kojō)
孤(こ)食(しょく) (koshoku)
孤(こ)身(しん) (koshin)
孤(こ)棲(せい) (kosei): living alone
孤(こ)絶(ぜつ) (kozetsu)
孤(こ)村(そん) (koson)
孤(こ)尊(そん) (koson)
孤(こ)忠(ちゅう) (kochū)
孤(こ)注(ちゅう) (kochū)
孤(こ)灯(とう) (kotō)
孤(こ)島(とう) (kotō)
孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)
孤(こ)帆(はん) (kohan)
孤(こ)平(ひょう) (kohyō)
孤(こ)峰(ほう) (kohō)
孤(こ)篷(ほう)庵(あん) (kohōan)
孤(こ)本(ほん) (kohon)
孤(こ)立(りつ) (koritsu): isolation
孤(こ)塁(るい) (korui)
孤(こ)例(れい) (korei)
孤(こ)老(ろう) (korō)
孤(こ)陋(ろう) (korō)
単(たん)孤(こ) (tanko)
徳(とく)は孤(こ)ならず必(かなら)ず隣(となり)あり (toku wa ko narazu kanarazu tonari ari)
孤児(みなしご) (minashigo)

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
孤
こ Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 孤 (ku).

PronunciationEdit

(Tokyo) こ [kóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞]

NounEdit

孤(こ) • (ko)

an orphan
solitude

AdjectiveEdit

孤(こ) • (ko) -na (adnominal 孤(こ)な (ko na), adverbial 孤(こ)に (ko ni))

solitary

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
孤
みなしご Grade: S
kun’yomi

Jukujikun kanji use for the term みなしご, itself a compound of 身 (mi, “identity, family”) + 無 (nashi, “none, without”) + 子 (ko, “child”). The final syllable's ko reading changes to go due to rendaku (連濁).