加

See also: 叻 and 另

加	U+52A0, 加 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52A0

← 功
[U+529F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

务 →
[U+52A1]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

加 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 大尸口 (KSR), four-corner 4600₀, composition ⿰力口)

Derived charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 146, character 13
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2297
Dae Jaweon: page 329, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 366, character 1
Unihan data for U+52A0

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		加

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 加
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (加) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
妿	kaːl, qaːl
賀	*ɡaːls
迦	ka, kal, *kraːl
茄	ɡa, ɡal, *kraːl
伽	ɡa, ɡal
枷	ɡa, ɡal, *kraːl
嘉	*kraːl
加	*kraːl
笳	*kraːl
痂	*kraːl
袈	*kraːl
跏	*kraːl
珈	*kraːl
鴐	*kraːl
架	*kraːls
駕	*kraːls
瘸	*ɡʷal

According to Shuowen, Ideogrammic compound (會意): 力 (“plow”) + 口 (“mouth”) - a mouth ordering a cow over a plow.

EtymologyEdit

駕 (OC *kraːls, “to yoke”) is the exopassive of 加 (OC *kraːl, “to add; to attach”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲལ (khral, “to impose a tax”).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiā (jia¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaa¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ga¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kâ

(Meixian, Guangdong): ga¹
Min Bei (KCR): gá
Min Dong (BUC): gă
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ka / kee / ke

(Teochew, Peng'im): gia¹ / gê¹
Wu (Wiktionary): ¹ka

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiā
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jia
  - Wade–Giles: chia¹
  - Yale: jyā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jia
  - Palladius: цзя (czja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaa¹
  - Yale: gā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ga¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ga¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: ga´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ga¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ga¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ka⁴⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka
  - Tâi-lô: ka
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaf
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ka³³/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /ka⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee
  - Tâi-lô: kee
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke
  - Tâi-lô: ke
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kef
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /ke⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ke³³/

Note:

ka/kee - literary;
ke - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gia¹ / gê¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kia / ke
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kia³³/, /ke³³/

Note:

gia1 - literary;
gê1 - vernacular.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ¹ka
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka̱⁵³/

Middle Chinese: /kˠa/

Rime
Character	加
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古牙切
Baxter	kae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ka/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ/
Li Rong	/ka/
Wang Li	/ka/
Bernard Karlgren	/ka/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤraj/

(Zhengzhang): /*kraːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	加
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiā
Middle Chinese	‹ kæ ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁraj/
English	add
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	加
Reading #	1/1
No.	5873
Phonetic component	加
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	嘉
Old Chinese	/*kraːl/

DefinitionsEdit

加

to put on top of another object
to add; to put in
加鹽／加盐 ― jiā yán ― to add salt
to increase; to raise
to impose; to foist; to grant
placed after a monosyllabic adverb to indicate an increase in the degree; more
(arithmetic) to add
Antonym: 減／减 (jiǎn)
(social media) to friend
掃碼加我／扫码加我 ― sǎomǎ jiā wǒ ― scan the QR code to friend me

加你微信 ― jiā nǐ Wēixìn ― to add your WeChat
Short for 加拿大 (Jiānádà, “Canada”).
a surname