後來居上

Chinese edit

	later; later on; afterwards later; later on; afterwards; people with less experience; younger generation	reside	up; on; on top up; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up
trad. (後來居上)	後來	居	上
simp. (后来居上)	后来	居	上
Literally: “late-comer is positioned above”.

Etymology edit

From a sarcastic comment by Ji An (汲黯) to the Emperor Wu of Han:

陛下用群臣如積薪耳，後來者居上。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

陛下用群臣如积薪耳，后来者居上。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Bìxià yòng qúnchén rú jīxīn ěr, hòu lái zhě jū shàng. [Pinyin]

The way Your Majesty manages your ministers is like nothing but keeping firewood in a pile: it is the late-comers that get the top position.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hòuláijūshàng

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄞˊ ㄐㄩㄕㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hau⁶ loi⁴ geoi¹ soeng⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hō͘-lâi-ku-siōng / hō͘-lâi-ki-siōng / āu-lâi-ki-siāng / āu-lâi-ku-siōng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hòuláijūshàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄞˊ ㄐㄩㄕㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hòuláijyushàng
  - Wade–Giles: hou⁴-lai²-chü¹-shang⁴
  - Yale: hòu-lái-jyū-shàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: howlaijiushanq
  - Palladius: хоулайцзюйшан (xoulajczjujšan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hau⁶ loi⁴ geoi¹ soeng⁵
  - Yale: hauh lòih gēui séuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hau⁶ loi⁴ goey¹ soeng⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: heo⁶ loi⁴ gêu¹ sêng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐu̯²² lɔːi̯²¹ kɵy̯⁵⁵ sœːŋ¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘-lâi-ku-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: hōo-lâi-ku-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoxlai'kusiong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ²²⁻²¹ lai²⁴⁻²² ku⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘-lâi-ki-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: hōo-lâi-ki-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoxlai'kisiong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³⁻²¹ lai²³⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: āu-lâi-ki-siāng
  - Tâi-lô: āu-lâi-ki-siāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: auxlai'kisiang
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /au³³⁻²¹ lai²³⁻³³ ki⁴⁴⁻³³ siaŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: āu-lâi-ku-siōng
  - Tâi-lô: āu-lâi-ku-siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: auxlai'kusiong
  - IPA (Taipei): /au³³⁻¹¹ lai²⁴⁻¹¹ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ³³/

Middle Chinese: huwX|huwH loj kjo dzyangH

Rime
Character	後	後	來	居	上
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1	2/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)	來 (37)	見 (28)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)	侯 (137)	咍 (41)	魚 (22)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I	III	III
Fanqie	胡口切	胡遘切	洛哀切	九魚切	時亮切
Baxter	huwX	huwH	loj	kjo	dzyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəu^X/	/ɦəu^H/	/lʌi/	/kɨʌ/	/d͡ʑɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəu^X/	/ɦəu^H/	/ləi/	/kiɔ/	/d͡ʑiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəu^X/	/ɣəu^H/	/lɒi/	/kiɔ/	/d͡ʑiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəw^X/	/ɦəw^H/	/ləj/	/kɨə̆/	/d͡ʑɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣu^X/	/ɣu^H/	/lᴀi/	/kiɔ/	/ʑiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ɣəu^X/	/ɣəu^H/	/lɒi/	/kĭo/	/ʑĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣə̯u^X/	/ɣə̯u^H/	/lɑ̆i/	/ki̯wo/	/ʑi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hòu	hòu	lái	jū	shàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hau⁶	hau⁶	loi⁴	geoi¹	soeng⁶

Idiom edit

後來居上

the up-and-coming youngster outstrips the older generation; the pupil surpasses the master