時
See also: 时
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
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時 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 日土木戈 (AGDI), four-corner 64041, composition ⿰日寺)
Derived charactersEdit
Related charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 494, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13890
- Dae Jaweon: page 859, character 15
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1505, character 5
- Unihan data for U+6642
ChineseEdit
| trad. | 時 | |
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| simp. | 时 | |
| alternative forms | 旹 时 峕 𣅱 㫑 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 時 | ||||
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| Shang | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *djɯ): semantic 日 (“sun; day”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
In ancient scripts, it had the form 旹, with 之 (OC *tjɯ) as the phonetic instead.
EtymologyEdit
From 之 (OC *tjɯ, “to go; to proceed”) + endopassive voicing + endoactive tone B (上聲), literally “that which is proceeding” (Schuessler, 2007).
- "this"
- A relatively unemphatic form of 是 (OC *djeʔ, “this”) (Pulleybank, 1995). Cognate with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “this; third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
時
- season
- time (a duration)
- 少之時，血氣未定，戒之在色。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shào zhī shí, xuèqì wèi dìng, jiè zhī zài sè. [Pinyin]
- In youth, when the physical powers are not yet settled, he guards against lust.
少之时，血气未定，戒之在色。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- time (the passing of time)
- times; years; era
- time; fixed time
- 孺子蚤寢晏起，唯所欲，食無時。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Rúzǐ zǎoqǐnyànqǐ, wéi suǒ yù, shí wú shí. [Pinyin]
- The children go earlier to bed, and get up later, according to their pleasure. There is no fixed time for their meals.
孺子蚤寝晏起，唯所欲，食无时。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- double-hour
- hour; o’clock (mainly in formal writing)
- opportunity; chance
- 好從事而亟失時，可謂知乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Hào cóngshì ér jí shīshí, kě wèi zhī hū? [Pinyin]
- Can he be called wise, who is anxious to be engaged in public employment, and yet is constantly losing the opportunity of being so?
好从事而亟失时，可谓知乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- current; contemporary
- that time
- occasionally; from time to time
- (literary) timely
- (obsolete) beautiful; good
- (obsolete) this
- (grammar) tense
- a surname
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 時
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “時”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01794
- “Entry #6027”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
時
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: し (shi)
- Kun: とき (toki, 時, Jōyō)
- Nanori: これ (kore); ちか (chika); はる (haru); もち (mochi); ゆき (yuki); よし (yoshi); より (yori)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
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| 時 |
| とき Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 刻 (rare) |
⟨to2ki1⟩ → */təkʲi/ → /toki/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *təki. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation.
- Possibly a fusion of 常 (toko-, prefix for “always, unchanging”) + い (i, Old Japanese nominalizing suffix).
- However, the sense of “unchanging” does not fit well with the sense of “the passing of time”. Separately, the phonetics of Old Japanese ⟨ki1⟩ → /kʲi/ appear to contraindicate a fusion of /ko/ + /i/, which resulted in ⟨ki2⟩ → /kʷi/ as seen at 木.
- Possibly derived from or otherwise related to 疾し (toshi, “sharp; happening quickly”), cognate with 研ぐ (togu, “to sharpen”).
- The Old Japanese phonetics of ⟨to2ki1⟩ would match the attributive form of the adjective 疾し (toshi). However, the attributive form of adjectives was not generally used to derive nouns.
- Possibly related to 年 (toshi, “year”), which may also be cognate with 疾し (toshi, “sharp; happening quickly”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- time
- 1995 June 1 [Feb 17 1993], Kanari, Yōzaburō; Satō, Fumiya, “オペラ座館殺人事件④ [The Opera House Murder Case ④]”, in 金田一少年の事件簿 [Young Kindaichi Case Files], volume 1 (fiction), 14th edition, Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 186:
- 動くな‼じっとしてるんだ‼時間が来れば犯人は自分から名のり出る‼
- Ugoku na‼ Jitto shiteru n da‼ Toki ga kureba hannin wa jibun kara nanorideru‼
- Nobody move‼ Keep still‼ When the time comes, the culprit will show their true identity of their own accord‼
- 動くな‼じっとしてるんだ‼時間が来れば犯人は自分から名のり出る‼
- 時の流れ ― toki no nagare ― the flow of time
- an event, case, occasion, moment; a specific period in time
- 困った時は私に相談してください。
- Komatta toki wa watashi ni sōdan shite kudasai.
- Please consult with me when troubled (in times of trouble).
- 困った時は私に相談してください。
- a time of something
- a season
- a tense
- (literary) the time during which a narrative takes place
- 時は冬
- toki wa fuyu
- It was winter, […]
- 時は冬
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms
DescendantsEdit
- → Yami: toki
SuffixEdit
- time of..., time for...
Proper nounEdit
- a female given name
Further readingEdit
The toki entry at Gogen Allguide (in Japanese)
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 時 |
| じ Grade: 2 |
| goon |
/ʑi/ → /ʑi//d͡ʑi/
From Middle Chinese 時 (MC d͡ʑɨ).
PronunciationEdit
- The pitch accent depends on the entire appended word.
CounterEdit
- hour, o’clock
- 時計を見ると、ちょうど １２時 ３４分 ５６秒だった。
- Tokei o miru to, chōdo jūni-ji sanjūyon-pun gojūroku-byō datta.
- When I looked at the clock, it was just 12:34 and 56 seconds.
- 1987 February 20 [Nov 15 1982], Murakami, Motoka, “嵐子再びの巻 [Reunite with Ranko]”, in 六三四の剣 [Musashi’s Sword], volume 7 (fiction), 18th edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 154:
- オラ、夏木六三四！６月３日の４時に生まれだから六三四‼まんずよろしく‼
- Ora, Natsuki Musashi! Rokugatsu mikka no yoji ni umareda kara Musashi‼ Manzu yoroshiku‼
- Mah name’s Natsuki Musashi! It’s Musashi because ah was born on June 3 at four o'clock!! Nice to meet y’all!!
- オラ、夏木六三四！６月３日の４時に生まれだから六三四‼まんずよろしく‼
- 時計を見ると、ちょうど １２時 ３４分 ５６秒だった。
Derived termsEdit
| Japanese number-counter combinations for 時 (ji) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | What time? |
| 零時 (reiji) | 一時 (ichiji) | 二時 (niji) | 三時 (sanji) | 四時 (yoji) | 五時 (goji) | 六時 (rokuji) | 七時 (shichiji) 七時 (nanaji) |
八時 (hachiji) | 九時 (kuji) | 十時 (jūji) | 十一時 (jūichiji) | 十二時 (jūniji) | 何時 (nanji) |
SuffixEdit
- at the time of...
AffixEdit
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 時 |
| さだ Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Either a sound shift from,[2] or cognate with,[6] Old Japanese しだ (sida → shida, “time, circumstance”).
- ⟨sida⟩ → ⟨sada⟩ → */saⁿda/ → /sada/
- or:
- ⟨sada⟩ → */saⁿda/ → /sada/
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- (obsolete) Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old
ReferencesEdit
- ^ “時”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1960, Tetsuo Hirayama (平山輝男, editor), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”), (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ “しだ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 時 (MC d͡ʑɨ).
| Historical readings |
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PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɕʰi]
- Phonetic hangul: [시]
HanjaEdit
- Hanja form? of 시 (“time; hour; season”).
- Hanja form? of 시 (“era; age; period”).
- Hanja form? of 시 (“opportunity; chance”).
- Hanja form? of 시 (“correct, right, excellent, great, good, nice, beautiful, fine, well”).
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]
Old JapaneseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Japonic *təki.
NounEdit
時 (to2ki1) (kana とき)
DescendantsEdit
- Japanese: 時 (toki)
Etymology 2Edit
Sound shift from しだ (sida, “time, circumstance”).[1]
NounEdit
時 (sada) (kana さだ)
- Only used in 時過ぐ (sada sugu): to pass through the prime of life, grow old
DescendantsEdit
- Japanese: 時 (sada)