Wiktionary

九

See also: 玖, 丸, and 力
九 U+4E5D, 九
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D
← 乜
[U+4E5C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乞 →
[U+4E5E]
㈨ U+3228, ㈨
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㈧
[U+3227] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈩ →
[U+3229]
㊈ U+3288, ㊈
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㊇
[U+3287] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊉ →
[U+3289]
Commons:Category
Commons:Category
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TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

九 (Kangxi radical 5, 乙+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻㇓㇈)

Derived charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 83, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
  • Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5D

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 九
alternative forms 玖 financial
𠔀
𢌬
𣲄
 
The number nine in Chinese number gestures

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 九
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Oracle bone script
 

j29822

 

j29823

 

j29824

 

j29825

 

j29826

 

j29827

 

j29828

 

j29829

 

j29830

 

j29831

 

j29832

 

j29833

 

j29834

 

j29835

 

j29836

 

j29837

 

j29838

 

j29839

 

j29840

 

j29841

 

j29842

 

j29843

 

j29844

 

j29845

 

j29846

 

j29847

 

j29848

 

j29849

 

j29850

 

j29851

Bronze inscriptions
 

b19923

 

b19924

 

b19925

 

b19926

 

b19927

 

b19928

 

b19929

 

b19930

 

b19931

 

b19932

 

b19933

 

b19934

 

b19935

 

b19936

 

b19937

 

b19938

 

b19939

 

b19940

 

b19941

 

b19942

 

b19943

 

b19944

 

b19945

 

b19946

 

b19947

 

b19948

 

b19949

 

b19950

 

b19951

 

b19952

 

b19953

 

b19954

 

b19955

 

b19956

 

b19957

Small seal script
 

s10923

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L35389

 

L35390

 

L35391

 

L35392

 

L35393

 

L18222

 

L18223

 

L18224

 

L18225

 

L18226

 

L18227

 

L18228

 

L18229

 

L18230

 

L18231

 

L18232

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
尻 *kʰuː
訄 *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽 *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓 *qʰruː
鳩 *ku
勼 *ku
九 *kuʔ
究 *kus
仇 *ɡu
鼽 *ɡu
犰 *ɡu
叴 *ɡu
厹 *ɡu
頄 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹 *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏 *ɡu
訅 *ɡu
釚 *ɡu
肍 *ɡu
軌 *kʷrɯwʔ
宄 *kʷrɯwʔ
氿 *kʷrɯwʔ
匭 *kʷrɯwʔ
泦 *kuɡ
旭 *qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手, 寸. The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • gāu - vernacular;
  • giū - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • káu - vernacular;
    • kiú - literary.
    Note:
    • gao2 - vernacular;
    • giu2 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 九
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 尤 (136)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 舉有切
    Baxter kjuwX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kɨuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kiuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/kiəuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kuwX/
    Li
    Rong         		/kiuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/kĭəuX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ki̯ə̯uX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiǔ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gau2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 九
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiǔ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kjuwX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[k]uʔ/
    English nine

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 九
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 6941
    Phonetic
    component         		九
    Rime
    group         		幽
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		久
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kuʔ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    九

    1. nine
    2. (figurative) many
    3. (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
      • 一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
        From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
        Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
        In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
    4. (Cantonese, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”).
    See alsoEdit
    • 勾 (gōu) (in radio communications)
    Chinese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
    Normal
    (小寫／小写)     		〇, 零 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万
    十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)     		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
    萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
    Financial
    (大寫／大写)     		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

    CompoundsEdit

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (九):
    • → Japanese: 九(く) (ku); 九(きゅう) (kyū)
    • → Korean: 구(九) (gu)
    • → Vietnamese: cửu (九)

    Others:

    Etymology 2Edit

    For pronunciation and definitions of 九 – see 鳩 (“to gather; to assemble”).
    (This character, 九, is an obsolete form of 鳩.)

    JapaneseEdit

    Japanese cardinal numbers
     <  8 9 10  > 
        Cardinal : 九

    KanjiEdit

    九

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. nine

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    九
    く
    Grade: 1
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    玖

    From Early Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX). The goon, the initial reading when first borrowed into Japanese.

    PronunciationEdit

    NumberEdit

    九(く) • (ku) 

    1. nine
    2. ninth

    NounEdit

    九(く) • (ku) 

    1. nine
    2. the ninth

    Coordinate termsEdit

    Japanese numbers
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    Regular 零(れい) (rei)
    零(ゼロ) (zero)     		一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
    四(し) (shi)     		五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
    七(しち) (shichi)     		八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
    九(く) (ku)     		十(じゅう) (jū)
    Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
    90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
    Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
    一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)     		三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
    一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)     		三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
    Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
    1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
    一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    九
    きゅう
    Grade: 1
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX). The kan'on, a later reading. Borrowed after palatalisation occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka reading giu3.

    PronunciationEdit

    • Audio(file)

    NumberEdit

    九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

    1. nine

    NounEdit

    九(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

    1. nine
    2. 究: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
    3. (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六 (roku, “six”) as the number of yin

    Etymology 3Edit

    Kanji in this term
    九
    ここの
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese,[2] from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.

    PronunciationEdit

    NumberEdit

    九(ここの) • (kokono) 

    1. nine

    Etymology 4Edit

    Kanji in this term
    九
    この
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    /kokono/ → /kono/

    Abbreviation of Old Japanese kokono (“nine”).

    PronunciationEdit

    NumberEdit

    九(この) • (kono) 

    1. nine
      ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
      hī, fū, mī, …nana, yā, kono, tō
      one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
    Usage notesEdit

    Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.

    Alternative formsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    KoreanEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    Korean numbers (edit)
    90
     ←  8 9 10  → 
        Native isol.: 아홉 (ahop)
        Native attr.: 아홉 (ahop)
        Sino-Korean: 구 (gu)
        Hanja: 九
        Ordinal: 아홉째 (ahopjjae)

    From Middle Chinese 九 (MC kɨuX).

    Historical readings

    PronunciationEdit

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    九 (eumhun 아홉 구 (ahop gu))

    1. Hanja form? of 구 (“nine”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 2Edit

    Related to Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kiɪuX).

    HanjaEdit

    九 (eumhun 모을 규 (mo'eul gyu))

    1. (archaic) Hanja form? of 규 (“to gather; to collect”).

    CompoundsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    九: Hán Việt readings: cửu[1][2]
    九: Nôm readings: cửu[1][3][4]

    1. chữ Hán form of cửu (“nine”).

    Derived termsEdit

    Derived terms

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    2. ^ Trần (2004).
    3. ^ Bonet (1899).
    4. ^ Génibrel (1898).

    ZhuangEdit

    NounEdit

    九

    1. Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)
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