上
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TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
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Stroke order | |||
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Han characterEdit
上 (radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 卜一 (YM), four-corner 21100, composition ⿱⺊一)
Derived charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 76, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13
- Dae Jaweon: page 145, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 5, character 4
- Unihan data for U+4E0A
ChineseEdit
simp. and trad. |
上 | |
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alternative forms | 丄 𠄞 尚 Min Nan “most” |
Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 上 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu Slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
Etymology 1Edit
From Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”). STEDT, on the other hand, considers 上 to be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part; rise; raise; top; summit”).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻/叶韵 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations.
Pronunciation 1Edit
DefinitionsEdit
上
- upper part; high position; up
- † emperor
- on; above
- superior; senior; top
- preceding; previous; last; former
- first of several (usually two or three) partitions
- within; in; from the standpoint of; according to
- (Min Nan) most; extremely
SynonymsEdit
Pronunciation 2Edit
DefinitionsEdit
上
- to go up; to ascend
- to charge; to advance
- 上啊! ― Shàng a! ― Charge!
- to go to; to leave for (a place) (usually to a more developed place)
- 上省城 ― shàng xǐngchéng ― to go to province capital
- to board; to get on
- to serve; to present; to offer
- to attend (class, work)
- to enter (a field); to appear (on stage, TV)
- to fit; to install; to apply
- 上油漆 ― shàng yóuqī ― to apply paint
- to screw; to tighten, to twist
- (colloquial) Short for 上線 (“to go online”).
- to connect to; browse (a website)
- 上谷歌 ― shàng Gǔgē ― to go on Google; to google
- (Min) to pull upwards or hang with a rope
- 上水 [Hokkien] ― chhiūⁿ-chúi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to draw water from a well
- (Min Nan) to grow and attach
- 上青苔 [Hokkien] ― chhiūⁿ chheⁿ-thî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to grow moss
- (Xiamen Min Nan) to pile up
- 上貨 / 上货 [Hokkien] ― chhiūⁿ-hòe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to pile up goods
- (vulgar, usually of a male) to fuck; to have intercourse (usually with a female)
- Particle following verbs, indicating direction or achievement.
- 7th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ascension" (𝌌)
- (mahjong, Cantonese) chow; to call a discarded tile to produce a chow
Usage notesEdit
- When playing mahjong in Cantonese, a player may say this word as a call when forming a chowing another player's discard
SynonymsEdit
Pronunciation 3Edit
DefinitionsEdit
上
CompoundsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 上 – see 緔 (“to sole a shoe”). (This character, 上, is the second-round simplified form of 緔.) |
Notes:
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Etymology 3Edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 上 – see 鞝 (“the piece of leather used for soles on Chinese shoes; a patch of leather”). (This character, 上, is the second-round simplified form of 鞝.) |
Notes:
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Further readingEdit
- “Entry #174”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
- above, high, up
- earlier
- excellent, top
- certain time or place in the past
- limit
- climb, rise
- offer
- go to the center
- raise, bring up
- one of the four tones of Middle Chinese
- short for 上野国 (Kōzuke no kuni): Kōzuke Province
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: じょう (jō, Jōyō)←じやう (zyau, historical)
- Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō †)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Sō-on: しゃん (shan)←しやん (syan, historical)
- Kun: うえ (ue, 上, Jōyō); うわ (uwa, 上, Jōyō †); かみ (kami, 上, Jōyō); あげる (ageru, 上げる, Jōyō); あがる (agaru, 上がる, Jōyō); あがり (agari, 上がり); のぼる (noboru, 上る, Jōyō); のぼり (nobori, 上り); のぼせる (noboseru, 上せる, Jōyō); のぼす (nobosu, 上す, Jōyō); たてまつる (tatematsuru, 上る); ほとり (hotori, 上)
- Nanori: あおい (aoi); あげ (age); い (i); か (ka); かき (kaki); かず (kazu); かん (kan); こう (kō); のぼり (nobori); ほつ (hotsu)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
うえ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
⟨upe2⟩ → /*upai̯/ → /upe/ → /ufe/ → /uwe/ → /ue/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upay.
Bound apophonic form of uwa, ancient upa (see below), possibly by fusion with an emphatic nominal particle い (i).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
AntonymsEdit
- 下 (shita)
Derived termsEdit
IdiomsEdit
SuffixEdit
- suffix addressing to a superior
Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
Etymology 2Edit
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
うわ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
/upa/ → /ufa/ → /uwa/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upa. The combining form of ue, ancient upe (see above).[1]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
へ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
え Grade: 1 |
Irregular |
⟨upe2⟩ → ⟨pe2⟩ → */pe/ → /fe/ → /he/
Short-form of or shift from ue, ancient upe (see above). Realized as -e in some compounds.
PronunciationEdit
Usage notesEdit
The senses are the same with ue.
Derived termsEdit
- 尾上 (onoe)
Etymology 4Edit
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
かみ Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
⟨kami1⟩ → */kamʲi/ → /kami/
From Old Japanese. Already apparent in ancient texts such as the Kojiki (c. 712 C.E.) and the Man'yōshū (c. 759 C.E.).[1][4]
Distinct from 神 (⟨kami2⟩ → kami, “Shinto deity”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
AntonymsEdit
- 下 (shimo)
Derived termsEdit
IdiomsEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a place name
- a surname
Etymology 5Edit
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
かん Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
/kami/ → /kamʉ/ → /kaɴ/
Contraction of Old Japanese ⟨kami1⟩. Spelled in ancient works as かむ (kamu) prior to the development of the ん (n) kana.[1][4][5]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- (obsolete) Same as かみ (kami) above
Usage notesEdit
Generally only found when followed by the genitive / possessive particles の (no) or つ (tsu).
Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
Etymology 6Edit
Kanji in this term |
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上 |
じょう Grade: 1 |
goon |
/d͡ʑɨau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 上 (MC d͡ʑɨɐŋX, d͡ʑɨɐŋH).
PronunciationEdit
- Pitch accent for suffix unknown.
NounEdit
SuffixEdit
- from the standpoint of...
- 理論上はありえないこと
- riron-jō wa arienai koto
- something that is impossible according to theory
- 法律上の争訟
- hōritsu-jō no sōchō
- legal dispute
- 理論上はありえないこと
- aboard (a plane, ship, etc.)
- above, in, on
Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
上: Hán Việt readings: thượng (
上: Nôm readings: thượng[1][3][4][5]