得る
Japanese
editEtymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
得 |
え Grade: 5 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
獲 (uncommon) |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.[1]
Pronunciation
edit- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「得る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
得る | える | [éꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 得ろ | えろ | [éꜜrò] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 得られる | えられる | [èráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 得させる | えさせる | [èsáséꜜrù] |
Potential | 得る | える | [éꜜrù] |
Volitional | 得よう | えよー | [èyóꜜò] |
Negative | 得ない | えない | [éꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 得なかった | えなかった | [éꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 得ます | えます | [èmáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 得た | えた | [éꜜtà] |
Conjunctive | 得て | えて | [éꜜtè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | えれば | [éꜜrèbà] |
Verb
edit得る • (eru) transitive ichidan (stem 得 (e), past 得た (eta))
- [from 759] to get, acquire, gain, obtain, win, catch
- [from 1073] (following a verb in the attributive conjugation plus particle を (o) or abstract noun 事 (koto, “fact, instance, occurrence”)) to be able to, can (compare English get to do)
- [from 1073] (by extension; in the form ざるを得ない (-zaru o enai) following the imperfective form of a verb) cannot help but doing, cannot but do
Conjugation
editConjugation of "得る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 得 | え | e | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 得 | え | e | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 得る | える | eru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 得る | える | eru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 得れ | えれ | ere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 得よ¹ 得ろ² |
えよ¹ えろ² |
eyo¹ ero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 得られる | えられる | erareru | |
Causative | 得させる 得さす |
えさせる えさす |
esaseru esasu | |
Potential | 得られる 得れる³ |
えられる えれる³ |
erareru ereru³ | |
Volitional | 得よう | えよう | eyō | |
Negative | 得ない 得ぬ 得ん |
えない えぬ えん |
enai enu en | |
Negative continuative | 得ず | えず | ezu | |
Formal | 得ます | えます | emasu | |
Perfective | 得た | えた | eta | |
Conjunctive | 得て | えて | ete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | えれば | ereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
Synonyms
editAntonyms
editSee also
editSuffix
edit- [from 759] to be able to, -able
Conjugation
editnotes=* <small>¹ Written imperative</small> * <small>² Spoken imperative</small> * <small>³ Colloquial potential</small>Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
Conjugation of "得る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
Terminal (終止形) | 得る | うる | uru |
Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
Imperative (命令形) | 得よ¹ 得ろ² |
えよ¹ えろ² |
eyo¹ ero² |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 得られる | えられる | erareru |
Causative | 得させる 得さす |
えさせる えさす |
esaseru esasu |
Potential | 得られる 得れる³ |
えられる えれる³ |
erareru ereru³ |
Volitional | 得よう | えよう | eyō |
Negative | 得ない 得ぬ 得ん |
えない えぬ えん |
enai enu en |
Negative continuative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
Formal | 得ます | えます | emasu |
Perfective | 得た | えた | eta |
Conjunctive | 得て | えて | ete |
Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
References
edit- ^ “得・獲”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 得 read as え
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese ichidan verbs
- Japanese shimo ichidan verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with fifth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese suffixes
- Japanese terms with usage examples