文書

See also: 文书

Chinese

		language; culture; writing language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle	book; letter
trad. (文書)		文	書
simp. (文书)		文	书

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wénshū

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄕㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ syu¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vùn-sû
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-su / bûn-sir / bûn-si

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung⁵ ze¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wénshū
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄕㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wúnshu
    • Wade–Giles: wên²-shu¹
    • Yale: wén-shū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenshu
    • Palladius: вэньшу (vɛnʹšu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wən³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 文書／文书 文殊

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: man⁴ syu¹
    • Yale: màhn syū
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ sy¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ xu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ syː⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-sû
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun^ˇ su^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vun² su¹
    • Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ su²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-su
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-su
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bunsw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-sir
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-sir
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-si
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-si
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bunsy
    • IPA (Yilan): /bun²⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhung⁵ ze¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng tsṳ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: mjun syo

Rime
Character	文	書
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	無分切	傷魚切
Baxter	mjun	syo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨun/	/ɕɨʌ/
Pan Wuyun	/miun/	/ɕiɔ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuən/	/ɕiɔ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mun/	/ɕɨə̆/
Li Rong	/miuən/	/ɕiɔ/
Wang Li	/mĭuən/	/ɕĭo/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯uən/	/ɕi̯wo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wén	shū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man4	syu1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n]  s-ta/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn  hlja/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	文	書
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wén	shū
Middle Chinese	‹ mjun ›	‹ syo ›
Old Chinese	/*mə[n]/	/*s-ta/
English	ornate	write
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	文	書
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13015	17013
Phonetic component	文	者
Rime group	文	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	文	書
Old Chinese	/*mɯn/	/*hlja/

Noun

文書

1. official document; official correspondence; official dispatch

   外交文書／外交文书  ―  wàijiāo wénshū  ―  diplomatic correspondence

2. (literary) secretary
3. (literary) written language; writing; script
4. (literary) books; works

Synonyms

• (official document): 公文 (gōngwén)

Derived terms

• 文書工作／文书工作 (wénshū gōngzuò)
• 文秘 (wénmì)

 

See also

• 幹事／干事
• 書記／书记 (shūjì)
• 秘書／秘书 (mìshū)

 

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
文	書
ぶん Grade: 1	しょ Grade: 2
kan'yōon	on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 文書 (*miən *shiu). Compare modern Chinese 文書／文书 (wénshū).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Now the most common reading for this term.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ぶんしょ [búꜜǹshò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞]

Noun

文(ぶん)書(しょ) • (bunsho) 

1. a document, a written record

   文書(ぶんしょ)でお問(と)い合(あ)わせください。

   Bunsho de otoiawase kudasai.

   Please contact us in writing.

   物語(ものがたり)を丸(まる)ごと文書(ぶんしょ)に書(か)き留(と)めた。

   Monogatari o marugoto bunsho ni kakitometa.

   She wrote down the whole story. / She got the whole story down on paper.

2. a letter, an epistle

   文書(ぶんしょ)を頻繁(ひんぱん)に交(か)わしていた。

   Bunsho o hinpan ni kawashite ita.

   They frequently exchanged letters.

Synonyms

• (writing): 文章
• (letter, epistle): 手紙

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
文	書
もん Grade: 1	しょ > じょ Grade: 2
goon	on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 文書 (*miən *shiu), with rendaku for the 書 character. The sho changes to jo as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Compare modern Chinese 文書／文书 (wénshū).

The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Less common reading in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) もんじょ [móꜜǹjò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞]

Noun

文(もん)書(じょ) • (monjo) 

1. a document
2. (in palaeography) a written text between two parties

Derived terms

• 古文書(こもんじょ) (komonjo): an ancient document

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
文	書
もん Grade: 1	ぞ Grade: 2
goon	irregular

Archaic alteration of monjo above.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mõ̞nd͡zo̞]

Noun

文(もん)書(ぞ) • (monzo) 

1. (archaic) a document
2. (archaic) (in palaeography) a written text between two parties

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
文	書
ふみ Grade: 1	か(き) > が(き) Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Compound of 文 (fumi, “writing; a letter, an epistle”) +‎ 書 (kaki, “writing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 書く kaku, “to write”). The kaki changes to gaki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟mʲiɡa̠kʲi]

Noun

文(ふみ)書(がき) • (fumigaki) 

1. (archaic) the act of writing of a letter or correspondence
2. (archaic) the writing in a letter or correspondence, especially the style or appearance
   • c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (text here):

     古代なる御文書きなれど

     こだいなるおおむふみがきなれど

     Kodai naru ōmu-fumigaki naredo

     The writing is old-fashioned, but...