罅

Translingual edit

Han character edit

罅 (Kangxi radical 121, 缶+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 人山卜心木 (OUYPD), four-corner 8174₉, composition ⿰缶虖)

Derived characters edit

嚹

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 945, character 47
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28169
Dae Jaweon: page 1386, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2938, character 16
Unihan data for U+7F45

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (乎) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
罅	*qʰraːs
呼	*qʰaː
軤	*qʰaː
苸	*qʰaː
嘑	*qʰaː
歑	*qʰaː
謼	qʰaː, qʰaːs
滹	*qʰaː
乎	*ɢaː
虖	qʰaː, qʰʷa, qʰaː, qʰʷa
嫭	*ɢaːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːs) : phonetic 虖 (OC *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa) + semantic 缶 (“pot”)

Etymology 1 edit

trad.		罅
simp. ^#		罅
alternative forms		㙤鏬𡨄

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “are the Cantonese and Hakka readings related?”)

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xià (xia⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): laa³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): la⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): la

(Meixian, Guangdong): la⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hà / hèe

(Teochew, Peng'im): hia³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: laa³
  - Yale: la
  - Cantonese Pinyin: laa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: la³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laː³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /la²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la
  - Hakka Romanization System: la
  - Hagfa Pinyim: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /la⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /la⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hà
  - Tâi-lô: hà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hax
  - IPA (Taipei): /ha¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /ha²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hèe
  - Tâi-lô: hèe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hia³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hià
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia²¹³/

Middle Chinese: xaeH

Rime
Character	罅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼訝切
Baxter	xaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/haɨ^H/
Li Rong	/xa^H/
Wang Li	/xa^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰraːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	罅
Reading #	1/1
No.	5180
Phonetic component	乎
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	嚇
Old Chinese	/*qʰraːs/

Definitions edit

罅

crack; gap; rift; split (Classifier: 條／条 c)

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 縫 (“gap; crack”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		縫, 罅隙
Mandarin	Beijing	縫兒
	Harbin	縫子
	Jinan	縫兒
	Luoyang	縫兒
	Wanrong	縫兒
	Xi'an	縫子
	Wuhan	縫縫, 縫
	Chengdu	縫縫
	Xuzhou	縫子, 縫兒
	Yangzhou	縫
	Hefei	縫
Cantonese	Guangzhou	罅
	Hong Kong	罅
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	罅
	Macau	罅
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	罅
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	罅
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	罅
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	罅
	Foshan	罅
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	罅
	Foshan (Shunde)	罅
	Foshan (Sanshui)	罅
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	罅
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	罅
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	罅
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	罅
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	裂
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	裂
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	罅
	Taishan	罅
	Kaiping (Chikan)	罅
	Enping (Niujiang)	罅
	Heshan (Yayao)	罅
	Dongguan	罅
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	罅
	Yangjiang	罅
Gan	Nanchang	縫
Hakka	Meixian	必罅, 縫
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	罅
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	罅
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	罅
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	罅
	Conghua (Lütian)	裂
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	縫仔, 罅
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	縫仔, 罅
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	縫仔, 罅
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	縫, 罅
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	縫仔, 縫, 罅
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	縫
Jin	Taiyuan	縫兒, 縫縫
Northern Min	Jian'ou	縫
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	縫縫
Southern Min	Xiamen	縫
	Chaozhou	縫
	Leizhou	縫
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	罅
Wu	Shanghai	縫, 縫縫
	Suzhou	縫縫, 縫
	Wenzhou	縫
	Jinhua	縫
Xiang	Changsha	縫
Xiang	Shuangfeng	罅

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

trad.		罅
simp. ^#		罅

Cognate with Teochew 𤰉 (la6).

Pronunciation edit

Hakka (Sixian, PFS): la

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la
  - Hakka Romanization System: la
  - Hagfa Pinyim: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /la⁵⁵/

Definitions edit

罅

(Hakka) enough

Etymology 3 edit

trad.		罅
simp. ^#		罅
alternative forms		痚

Pronunciation edit

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): heⁿ / he / hee

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: heⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: henn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvef
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /hẽ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hẽ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hẽ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: he
  - Tâi-lô: he
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hef
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hee
  - Tâi-lô: hee
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ⁴⁴/

Definitions edit

罅

Only used in 含罅.

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

罅

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings edit

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: か (ka)
Kun: ひび (hibi, 罅); はぜる (hazeru, 罅ぜる)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
罅
ひび Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) ひび [hìbíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [çibʲi]

Noun edit

罅(ひび) or 罅(ヒビ) • (hibi)

crack
家(いえ)の壁(かべ)にひびが入(はい)る
ie no kabe ni hibi ga hairu
the walls of the houses have cracks

References edit

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja edit

罅 • (ha) (hangeul 하, revised ha, McCune–Reischauer ha, Yale ha)

crack, fissure, split

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-2] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]