Wiktionary

乎

See also: 平
乎 U+4E4E, 乎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E4E
← 乍
[U+4E4D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乏 →
[U+4E4F]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

乎 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹火木 (HFD), four-corner 20409, composition ⿻𠂌丷)

Derived characters edit

Descendants edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 82, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 131
  • Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 36, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4E4E

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 乎
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Oracle bone script
 

j11586

 

j11587

 

j11588

 

j11589

 

j11590

 

j11591

 

j11592

 

j11593

 

j11594

 

j11595

 

j11596

 

j11597

 

j11598

 

j11599

 

j11600

 

j11601

 

j11602

 

j11603

 

j11604

 

j11605

 

j11606

 

j11607

 

j11608

 

j11609

 

j11610

 

j11611

 

j11612

 

j11613

 

j11614

 

j11615

 

j11616

 

j11617

 

j11618

 

j11619

 

j11620

 

j11621

 

j11622

 

j11623

 

j11624

 

j11625

 

j11626

 

j11627

 

j11628

 

j11629

 

j11630

 

j11631

 

j11632

 

j11633

 

j11634

 

j11635

 

j11636

 

j11637

 

j11638

 

j11639

 

j11640

 

j11641

 

j11642

 

j11643

 

j11644

 

j11645

 

j11646

 

j11647

 

j11648

 

j11649

 

j11650

 

j11651

 

j11652

 

j11653

 

j11654

 

j11655

 

j11656

 

j11657

 

j11658

 

j11659

 

j11660

 

j11661

 

j11662

 

j11663

 

j11664

 

j11665

 

j11666

 

j11667

 

j11668

 

j11669

 

j11670

 

j11671

 

j11672

 

j11673

 

j11674

 

j11675

 

j11676

 

j11677

 

j11678

 

j11679

 

j11680

 

j11681

 

j11682

 

j11683

 

j11684

 

j11685

 

j11686

 

j11687

 

j11688

 

j11689

 

j11690

 

j11691

 

j11692

Bronze inscriptions
 

b07119

 

b07120

 

b07121

 

b07122

 

b07123

 

b07124

 

b07125

 

b07126

 

b07127

 

b07128

 

b07129

 

b07130

 

b07131

 

b07132

 

b07133

 

b07134

 

b07135

 

b07136

 

b07137

 

b07138

 

b07139

 

b07140

 

b07141

 

b07142

 

b07143

 

b07144

 

b07145

 

b07146

 

b07147

 

b07148

 

b07149

 

b07150

 

b07151

 

b07152

 

b07153

 

b07154

 

b07155

 

b07156

 

b07157

 

b07158

 

b07159

 

b07160

Small seal script
 

s03512

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L03355

 

L03356

 

L03357

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (乎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
罅 *qʰraːs
呼 *qʰaː
軤 *qʰaː
苸 *qʰaː
嘑 *qʰaː
歑 *qʰaː
謼 *qʰaː, *qʰaːs
滹 *qʰaː
乎 *ɢaː
虖 *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa
嫭 *ɢaːs

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢaː) : semantic [Term?] (“wind; air”) + phonetic 丂 (OC *kʰluːʔ, “branch”) – original form of 呼 (OC *qʰaː, “to call; to cry”). Compare 兮 (OC *ɢeː).

Etymology 1 edit

simp. and trad.
 乎
alternative forms 𠂞
𠂠
in; at; on
Attrited or unstressed form of 於 (OC *qa) (Schuessler, 2007).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation edit

Note: wu4 - rare.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 乎
Mandarin Beijing /xu⁵⁵/
Harbin /xu⁴⁴/
Tianjin /xu²¹/
Jinan /xu⁴²/
Qingdao /xu²¹³/
Zhengzhou /xu²⁴/
Xi'an /xu²¹/
Xining /xv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xu⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /xu³¹/
Ürümqi /xu⁴⁴/
Wuhan /xu⁵⁵/
Chengdu /xu³¹/
/fu³¹/
Guiyang /fu⁵⁵/
Kunming /xu⁴⁴/
Nanjing /xu³¹/
Hefei /xu²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /xu¹¹/
Pingyao /xu¹³/
Hohhot /xu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /hu⁵³/
/ɦu²³/
Suzhou /ɦəu¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦu²¹³/
Wenzhou /vu³¹/
Hui Shexian /xu³¹/
Tunxi /xu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /fu¹³/
Xiangtan /ɸu³³/
Gan Nanchang /fu⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fu¹¹/
Taoyuan /fu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fu²¹/
Nanning /fu⁵⁵/
/wu²¹/
Hong Kong /fu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔ³⁵/
/hɔ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hu⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xu⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /hu³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hu²³/
Rime
Character 乎
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸吳切
Baxter hu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦɔ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣo/
Wang
Li 		/ɣu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		wu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 乎 乎
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hū hū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hu › ‹ hu ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢˁa/ /*ɢˁa/
English (Q particle) in, at

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 乎
Reading # 1/1
No. 5189
Phonetic
component 		乎
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		胡
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢaː/

Definitions edit

乎

  1. in; at; on
    Synonym: 於／于
  2. (indicates the object of an action) with; on
    Synonym: 於／于
  3. (indicates comparison) than
    Synonym: 於／于
  4. † A suffix placed after adjectives and adverbs to express praise or amazement.
  5. † Sentence-final interrogative particle.
  6. † Sentence-final exclamatory particle.
  7. † Sentence-final imperative particle.
  8. † Sentence-final speculative particle.

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

乎

  1. Alternative form of 予 (“hō͘”)

Etymology 3 edit

simp. and trad.
 乎
alternative forms 齁
嘑／呼
否

Pronunciation edit

Note: hōⁿ - “expressing doubt with a question”.

Definitions edit

乎

  1. (Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing doubt with a question, especially to ask for confirmation: right?
    街路車真濟，乎？ [Hokkien, trad.]
    街路车真济，乎？ [Hokkien, simp.]
    Koe-lō͘ chhia chin chòe, hohⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    There's so many cars on the road, right?
    你今仔日欲出去𨑨迌乎？ [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
    Lí kin-á-li̍t beh chhut-khì chhit-thô hohⁿ? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    You're going out today to play, right?
  2. (Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) Particle in the middle of a sentence to express a pause in speaking with slight emphasis on the preceding word: right
    我乎，欲寄你買一本冊。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    我乎，欲寄你买一本册。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Góa hohⁿ, beh kià lí bóe chi̍t pún chheh. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    I, right, want to send you to buy a book.
    𪜶囝乎，欲做公司的經理囉。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    𪜶囝乎，欲做公司的经理啰。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    In kiáⁿ hohⁿ, beh chòe kong-si ê keng-lí lo͘h. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Their son, right, is gonna be a company manager.
  3. (Taiwanese Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing a question to tease or ridicule someone
    花是你送的乎？免歹勢啦！ [Hokkien, trad.]
    花是你送的乎？免歹势啦！ [Hokkien, simp.]
    Hoe sī lí sàng ê hohⁿ? Bián pháiⁿ-sè là! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    You gave the flowers, didn't you? Don't be embarrassed!
  4. (Taiwanese Hokkien) modal particle expressing understanding, comprehension, realization: oh!
    乎，原來是按呢喔！ [Hokkien, trad.]
    乎，原来是按呢喔！ [Hokkien, simp.]
    Hohⁿ, goân-lâi sī án-ni o͘h! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Oh! So that's how it is.
  5. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Sentence-final particle to indicate an imperative sentence
    你逐個月著寄批來乎。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    你逐个月着寄批来乎。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    Lí ta̍k kò goe̍h tio̍h kià phe lâi hohⁿ. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    You send a letter every month, okay?

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

乎

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
乎
か
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 乎 – see the following entry.
【か】H
[particle] final interrogative particle, similar to a question mark ("?").
[particle] particle marking alternatives in a list; "or"
[particle] whether (or not)
[particle] indication of doubt
[prefix] (emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive) very
[suffix] forms 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjectives”) from stems, indicating the state or feeling of an object
Alternative spelling
歟
(This term, 乎, is an alternative spelling (literary, obsolete) of the above term.)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

乎 (eumhun 어조사 호 (eojosa ho))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References edit

Old Korean edit

Etymology 1 edit

From the Middle Chinese reading 乎 (MC hu).

Phonogram edit

乎 (*-wo or *-hwo)

  1. A syllabic phonogram denoting either final syllable *-wo or *-hwo

Etymology 2 edit

Suffix edit

乎 (*-wo)

  1. A very common verbal suffix, sometimes called the "modulator" in English, whose meaning is disputed. See the Middle Korean entry 오 (-wo) for more.
Descendants edit
  • Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel modulator suffix)

Etymology 3 edit

Suffix edit

乎 (*-wo)

  1. An adverb-deriving suffix.
Descendants edit
  • Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel adverb-deriving suffix)

Etymology 4 edit

Verb edit

乎 (*h(oy)-wo)

  1. Form with modulator suffix of 爲 (*ho(y)-, “to do”)

References edit

  • 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN, pages 393—396

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

乎: Hán Việt readings: hồ, hô
乎: Nôm readings: hồ

  1. (Literary Chinese) sentence final particle expressing a question.
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