愛
|
TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han characterEdit
愛 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)
Derived charactersEdit
- 僾(𫣊), 噯(嗳), 嬡(嫒), 懓(𭞄), 曖(暧), 燰(𬊺), 璦(瑷), 皧, 瞹, 薆(𫉁), 鑀, 靉(叆), 鱫, 𣜬(𪳗), 𤻅, 𥖦, 𥣁, 𥴨(𫂖), 𦆔, 𦡝(𫆫), 𧓁, 𧞇, 𨙤, 𨣥, 𩡣(𩡖), 𪇈, 𪒱, 𭩊, 𮙀
Related charactersEdit
DescendantsEdit
- 𛀃 (Hentaigana)
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 395, character 13
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
- Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1
- Unihan data for U+611B
ChineseEdit
trad. | 愛 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 爱 | |
alternative forms |
Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 愛 | |
---|---|
Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).
Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.
EtymologyEdit
Based on Baxter's (1992) Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/, STEDT suggests that it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် (ʼeh̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese ငွေ့ (ngwe., “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an Old Chinese reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because Old Chinese rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.
However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/, which ends in *-p-s instead. The Old Chinese contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of Old Chinese. The final *-p is not reflected in the Tibeto-Burman comparandum provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Behr (2016) suggests a derivation from a verbal root meaning "to draw in; to inhale; to suck in", relating it to 吸 (OC *qʰ(r)əp, “to inhale”), 欱 (OC *qʰˁ[ə]p, “o sip”), 愾 (OC *qʰəp-s, “to sigh with regret”), 僾 (OC *qˁəp-s, “to pant”), 氣 (OC *C.qʰəp-s, “vapour; breath”).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
愛
- to love
- 愛而不見、搔首踟躕。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Ài ér bùjiàn, sāoshǒu chíchú. [Pinyin]
- Loving yet not seeing her, I scratch my head, and walk back and forth in perplexity.
爱而不见、搔首踟蹰。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 仁者愛人,有禮者敬人。愛人者人恆愛之,敬人者人恆敬之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Rén zhě ài rén, yǒulǐ zhě jìng rén. Ài rén zhě rén héng ài zhī, jìng rén zhě rén héng jìng zhī. [Pinyin]
- A benevolent person loves others. A person of propriety shows respect to others. Those who love others are constantly loved by them. Those who respect others are constantly respected by them.
仁者爱人,有礼者敬人。爱人者人恒爱之,敬人者人恒敬之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 吾至愛汝,即此愛汝一念,使吾勇於就死也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 1911, Lin Juemin, Farewell Letter to Yiying (《與妻訣別書》)
- Wú zhì ài rǔ, jí cǐ ài rǔ yī niàn, shǐ wú yǒngyú jiù sǐ yě. [Pinyin]
- I love you deeply, and it is this single thought of loving you that enables me to take courage in the face of imminent death.
吾至爱汝,即此爱汝一念,使吾勇于就死也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to treasure; to value
- 夏不衣裘,非愛裘也,暖有餘也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
- Xià bù yì qiú, fēi ài qiú yě, nuǎn yǒuyú yě. [Pinyin]
- One does not wear fur in summer not because he treasures fur, but because it is already more than warm.
夏不衣裘,非爱裘也,暖有余也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
- 他愛說話。/他爱说话。 ― Tā ài shuōhuà. ― He likes to talk.
- 我不愛吃豬肉。/我不爱吃猪肉。 ― Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu. ― I don't like to eat pork.
- to begrudge; to be reluctant
- 申生不敢愛其死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shēnshēng bùgǎn ài qí sǐ. [Pinyin]
- I, Shensheng, do not presume to grudge dying.
申生不敢爱其死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to be prone; to be easy to
- love; affection
- 世上決沒有無緣無故的愛,也沒有無緣無故的恨。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 1942, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》 (Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
- Shìshàng jué méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de ài, yě méiyǒu wúyuánwúgù de hèn. [Pinyin]
- There is absolutely no such thing in the world as love or hatred with out reason or cause.
世上决没有无缘无故的爱,也没有无缘无故的恨。 [MSC, simp.]
- love; benevolence
- something one loves; someone whom one loves
- Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡/嫒 (ài).
- beloved
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Teochew) to want (an object)
- 快樂就係 想愛麼個就得著 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
- From: (Can we date this quote?), 饒瑞軍 (lyrics), Tetsurō Oda (music), 《快樂希望》 (Hakka version of Yume Ippai), performed by 龔心怡
- khoai-lo̍k chhiu he sióng oi mak-ke chhiu tet-tó [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
快乐就系 想爱么个就得着 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
- (Hakka, Min) to want (to do)
- (Hakka, Min) to need to; must
- 有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
- Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
- There's one thing you must bear in mind.
有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
- (archaic) Alternative form of 薆/𫉁 (ài, “to hide”).
- a surname
Usage notesEdit
- When used for people, 愛/爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “overly romantic; corny; cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡/喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡/喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. Compare Japanese 好き (suki). However, younger Mandarin speakers, especially those who have been in love for some time, seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛/爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.
SynonymsEdit
- (to want an object):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 要 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 要 |
Taiwan | 要 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 要 | |
Jinan | 要 | |
Wanrong | 要 | |
Xi'an | 要 | |
Wuhan | 要 | |
Chengdu | 要 | |
Guiyang | 要 | |
Guilin | 要 | |
Hefei | 要 | |
Singapore | 要 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 要, 愛 |
Hong Kong | 要, 愛 | |
Yangjiang | 愛, 捰 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 要 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 要 |
Lichuan | 要 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 愛 |
Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) | 愛 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 愛 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 愛 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 愛 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 愛 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 愛 | |
Huizhou | Jixi | 要 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 要 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 讓 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 欲挃, 挃 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 欲挃 |
Quanzhou | 欲挃 | |
Zhangzhou | 欲挃 | |
Tainan | 欲挃 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 愛 | |
Chaozhou | 愛 | |
Jieyang | 愛 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 愛 | |
Wenchang | 要 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 要 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 要 |
Wenzhou | 要 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 要 |
Loudi | 要 |
- (to want to do something):
CompoundsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Others:
- →? Proto-Hlai: *ʔəːp (“to love”)
Further readingEdit
- “Entry #9456”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: あい (ai, Jōyō); お (o)
- Kan-on: あい (ai, Jōyō)
- Kun: いつくしむ (itsukushimu, 愛しむ); いとしい (itoshii, 愛しい); いとおしむ (itooshimu, 愛おしむ); かなしい (kanashii, 愛しい); おしむ (oshimu, 愛しむ); まな (mana, 愛); めでる (mederu, 愛でる); うい (ui, 愛い)
- Nanori: あ (a); あい (ai); あし (ashi); え (e); かな (kana); なる (naru); めぐ (megu); めぐみ (megumi); よし (yoshi); ちか (chika)
CompoundsEdit
- 愛玩 (aigan)
- 愛機 (aiki)
- 愛敬 (aikyō)
- 愛顧 (aiko)
- 愛護 (aigo)
- 愛国 (aikoku)
- 愛妻 (aisai, “one's beloved wife”)
- 愛児 (aiji)
- 愛車 (aisha, “one's beloved car”)
- 愛社 (aisha)
- 愛唱 (aishō)
- 愛称 (aishō)
- 愛人 (aijin)
- 愛想 (aisō)
- 愛憎 (aizō)
- 愛着 (aichaku, “affection (to things)”)
- 愛鳥 (aichō)
- 愛読 (aidoku, “loving to read”)
- 愛用 (aiyō, “loving to use”)
- 性愛 (seiai, “eros”)
- 聖愛 (seiai, “pure love”)
- 寵愛 (chōai)
- 可愛い (kawaii)
Etymology 1Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
愛 |
あい Grade: 4 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH).
Compare modern Mandarin 愛/爱 (ài).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- love
- 愛は強い。
- Ai wa tsuyoi.
- The love is strong.
- 愛は勝つ。
- Ai wa katsu.
- The love wins.
- 愛は強い。
- affection
- Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
- tenderness
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.- Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
- (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
. - (Christianity) agape
SynonymsEdit
- (love, generally more passionate or erotic): 恋 (koi), 恋愛 (ren'ai)
Derived termsEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a female given name
- a surname
AffixEdit
- love
- (US) Short for 愛州 (“Idaho (a state of the United States)”).
Etymology 2Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
愛 |
まな Grade: 4 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
真 |
Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3]
The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).
PronunciationEdit
PrefixEdit
- before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
- before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
Derived termsEdit
NounEdit
Proper nounEdit
- a female given name
Etymology 3Edit
Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many names.
Proper nounEdit
愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 or 愛 • (Azumi or Āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi)
- a female given name
ReferencesEdit
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᆡᆼ〮 (Yale: qóy) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] | ᄃᆞᅀᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: dòzól) | ᄋᆡ〯 (Yale: ǒy) |
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɛ(ː)] ~ [e̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [애(ː)/에(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
- 애차 (愛車, aecha)
- 애착 (愛着, aechak)
- 애처 (愛妻, aecheo)
- 애칭 (愛稱, aeching)
- 애독 (愛讀, aedok)
- 애고 (愛顧, aego)
- 애국 (愛國, aeguk)
- 애견 (愛犬, aegyeon)
- 애교 (愛嬌, aegyo)
- 애호 (愛好, aeho)
- 애호 (愛護, aeho)
- 애인 (愛人, aein)
- 애정 (愛情, aejeong)
- 애증 (愛憎, aejeung)
- 애마 (愛馬, aema)
- 애무 (愛撫, aemu)
- 애식 (愛息, aesik)
- 애월 (愛月, aewol)
- 가애 (可愛, gaae)
- 갈애 (渴愛, garae)
- 경애 (敬愛, gyeong'ae)
- 할애 (割愛, harae)
- 친애 (親愛, chinae)
- 동성애 (同性愛, dongseong'ae)
- 애장판 (愛藏版, aejangpan)
- 이성애 (異性愛, iseong'ae)
- 자기애 (自己愛, jagiae)
- 무성애 (無性愛, museong'ae)
- 애완동물 (愛玩動物, aewandongmul)
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
OkinawanEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
Old JapaneseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) + な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)).
NounEdit
愛 (mana) (kana まな)
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Japanese: 愛 (mana-)
TàyEdit
NounEdit
愛 (ái)
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
愛: Hán Việt readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5], áy[4]
愛: Nôm readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5][6], áy[1][2][3][4][5][6], ải[1]
CompoundsEdit
- 愛恩 (ái ân)
- 愛友 (ái hữu)
- 愛卿 (ái khanh)
- 愛力 (ái lực)
- 愛慕 (ái mộ)
- 愛乃 (áy náy)
- 愛國 (ái quốc)
- 愛情 (ái tình)
- 恩愛 (ân ái)
- 博愛 (bác ái)
- 喜怒愛惡 (hỉ nộ ái ố)
- 會愛友 (hội ái hữu)
- 友愛 (hữu ái)
- 可愛 (khả ái)
- 兼愛 (kiêm ái)
- 敬愛 (kính ái)
- 令愛 (lệnh ái)
- 戀愛 (luyến ái)
- 仁愛 (nhân ái)
- 泛愛 (phiếm ái)
- 寵愛 (sủng ái)
- 親愛 (thân ái)
- 情愛 (tình ái)
- 自愛 (tự ái)
- 相親相愛 (tương thân tương ái)
- 憂愛 (ưu ái)