Wiktionary

愛

See also: 爱
愛 U+611B, 愛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B
← 愚
[U+611A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 →
[U+611C]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

愛 (radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

Derived charactersEdit

Related charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 395, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
  • Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2323, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+611B

ChineseEdit

trad. 愛
simp. 爱
alternative forms
 
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 愛
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
   
Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
愛 *qɯːds
曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds
僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
薆 *qɯːds
璦 *qɯːds
瞹 *qaːds

Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.

EtymologyEdit

Based on its Old Chinese reconstruction /*ʔɨts/ given in Baxter (1992), STEDT suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”) (STEDT). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် ('ɛ̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese [script needed] (ŋwé, “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-. STEDT states that an OC reconstruction of /*ʔɨjs/ for 愛 is also possible because OC rhyming does not provide direct evidence of contacts with *-t.

However, Baxter and Sagart (2014) provides a different Old Chinese reconstruction /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ which ends in *-p-s instead. The OC contrast between *-p-s and *-t-s was lost at a late stage of OC. The Chinese root final *-p in 愛 is not reflected in the rest of the set provided by STEDT, making the likelihood that the Chinese form is related to the rest very low (Sagart, 2019). Proto-Greater-Hlai *ʔəːp ("to love") provided in Norquest (2015) is also probably a loanword from OC 愛.

PronunciationEdit

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ái - literary;
  • ó̤i - vernacular.
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    Rime
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 烏代切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		ài
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		ài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ʔojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[q]ˁə[p]-s/
    English to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 1
    Phonetic
    component         		愛
    Rime
    group         		隊
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		愛
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qɯːds/
    Notes 說文本從心旡聲

    DefinitionsEdit

     
    愛

    愛

    1. to love
      我愛你。 / 我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you.
      你愛他嗎？ / 你爱他吗？  ―  Nǐ ài tā ma?  ―  Do you love him?
    2. to treasure; to value
    3. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
      他愛說話。 / 他爱说话。  ―  Tā ài shuōhuà.  ―  He likes to talk.
      我不愛吃豬肉。 / 我不爱吃猪肉。  ―  Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu.  ―  I don't like to eat pork.
    4. to begrudge; to be reluctant
    5. to be prone; to be easy to
      愛發脾氣 / 爱发脾气  ―  ài fāpíqì  ―  to be short-tempered
      鐵愛生鏽。 / 铁爱生锈。  ―  Tiě ài shēngxiù.  ―  Iron rusts easily.
    6. love; affection
      愛國 / 爱国  ―  ài guó  ―  patriotism
      遺愛人間 / 遗爱人间  ―  yí'àirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind
    7. love; benevolence
    8. something one loves; someone whom one loves
      割愛 / 割爱  ―  gē'ài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
    9. Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
      令愛 / 令爱  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your precious daughter
    10. affectionate
      愛情 / 爱情  ―  àiqíng  ―  love
    11. beloved
      愛妻 / 爱妻  ―  àiqī  ―  beloved wife
    12. (Cantonese, Hakka, Wu) to want (an object)
      我唔愛咁多。 / 我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese]  ―  Ngo5 m4 oi3 gam3 do1. [Jyutping]  ―  I don't want that much.
    13. (Hakka, Min) to want (to do)
    14. (Hakka, Min) to need to; must
      有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese, trad.]
      有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese, simp.]
      Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      There's one thing you must bear in mind.
    15. (archaic) alternative form of 薆 (ài, “to hide”) via 假借 (jiǎjiè, “borrowing”)
    16. A surname​.

    Usage notesEdit

    • When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. However, younger Mandarin speakers seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

    SynonymsEdit

    Dialectal synonyms of 喜歡 (“to like”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 好, 喜好, 愛好
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 喜愛, 喜好, 愛好
    Mandarin Beijing 喜歡, 好希, 愛
    Taiwan 喜歡, 愛
    Jinan 喜歡
    Xi'an 喜歡, 愛
    Wuhan 喜歡, 愛
    Chengdu 喜歡, 歡喜, 愛
    Yangzhou 歡喜
    Hefei 喜歡
    Malaysia 喜歡
    Singapore 喜歡
    Cantonese Guangzhou 中意, 歡喜
    Hong Kong 中意
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 中意
    Macau 中意
    Panyu 中意
    Huadu (Huashan) 中意
    Conghua 中意
    Zengcheng 中意
    Foshan 中意
    Nanhai (Shatou) 中意
    Shunde 中意
    Sanshui 中意
    Gaoming (Mingcheng) 中意
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 歡喜, 中意
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 中意
    Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 中意
    Doumen 中意
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 中意
    Xinhui 中意
    Taishan 中意
    Kaiping (Chikan) 爽心, 中意
    Enping (Niujiang) 中意
    Heshan (Yayao) 中意
    Dongguan 中意
    Bao'an (Shajing) 中意
    Yangjiang 中意, 歡喜
    Gan Nanchang 歡喜
    Hakka Meixian 中意, 好
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 中意
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 中意
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 中意
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 中意
    Conghua (Lütian) 歡喜
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 中意, 好
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 中意, 好
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 中意, 好
    Dongshi (Dabu) 中意, 合意, 好
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 中意, 好
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 佮意, 愛
    Jin Taiyuan 喜歡, 待見
    Min Bei Jian'ou 愛, 喜歡
    Min Dong Fuzhou 歡喜, 中意, 愛
    Min Nan Xiamen 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意, 舒合
    Quanzhou 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意
    Zhangzhou 歡喜, 愛, 佮意
    Penang (Hokkien) 舒合, 愛
    Singapore (Hokkien) 舒合, 愛
    Philippines (Manila Hokkien) 愛, 佮意, 佮愛
    Chaozhou 歡喜, 愛, 喜歡
    Shantou 歡喜, 喜歡
    Singapore (Teochew) 舒合
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 中意
    Wu Shanghai 歡喜
    Suzhou 歡喜
    Wenzhou 喜歡
    Xiang Changsha 喜歡
    Shuangfeng 喜歡

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 愛

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (愛):
    • → Japanese: 愛(あい) (ai)
    • → Korean: 애 (愛, ae)
    • → Vietnamese: ái (愛)

    Further readingEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    愛

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    愛
    あい
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH).

    Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    愛(あい) • (ai) 

    1. love
      愛(あい)は強(つよ)く。
      Ai wa tsuyoku.
      The love is strong.
    2. affection
      Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
    3. tenderness
    4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
    5. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    6. (Christianity) agape
    SynonymsEdit
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Proper nounEdit

    愛(あい) • (Ai) 

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    愛
    まな
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3]

    The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

    Alternative formsEdit

    PronunciationEdit

    PrefixEdit

    愛(まな) • (mana-) 

    1. before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
    2. before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
    Derived termsEdit

    NounEdit

    愛(まな) • (mana) 

    1. (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

    Proper nounEdit

    愛(まな) • (Mana) 

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 3Edit

    Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names.

    Proper nounEdit

    愛(あづみ) or 愛(ああい) or 愛(あいか) or 愛(あいす) or 愛(あき) or 愛(あこ) or 愛(あみか) or 愛(あおい) or 愛(ありさ) or 愛(あや) or 愛(あゆ) or 愛(ちぎり) or 愛(ちか) or 愛(ちかし) or 愛(えりな) or 愛(はあと) or 愛(ひかり) or 愛(いと) or 愛(いとし) or 愛(いつみ) or 愛(いずみ) or 愛(かな) or 愛(かなえ) or 愛(かなさ) or 愛(きずな) or 愛(こころ) or 愛(このむ) or 愛(まどか) or 愛(まなぶ) or 愛(まなみ) or 愛(めづる) or 愛(めご) or 愛(めぐ) or 愛(めぐみ) or 愛(めぐむ) or 愛(めい) or 愛(なる) or 愛(なるこ) or 愛(のぞみ) or 愛(らぶ) or 愛(るい) or 愛(さら) or 愛(さらん) or 愛(つぐみ) or 愛(つくみ) or 愛(うい) or 愛(よし) or 愛(よしき) or 愛(よしみ) • (Azumi or āi or Aika or Aisu or Aki or Ako or Amika or Aoi or Arisa or Aya or Ayu or Chigiri or Chika or Chikashi or Erina or Hāto or Hikari or Ito or Itoshi or Itsumi or Izumi or Kana or Kanae or Kanasa or Kizuna or Kokoro or Konomu or Madoka or Manabu or Manami or Mezuru or Mego or Megu or Megumi or Megumu or Mei or Naru or Naruko or Nozomi or Rabu or Rui or Sara or Saran or Tsugumi or Tsukumi or Ui or Yoshi or Yoshiki or Yoshimi) 

    1. a female given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
    3. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))

    1. Hanja form? of 애 (“love”).

    CompoundsEdit

    OkinawanEdit

    KanjiEdit

    愛

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    Old JapaneseEdit

    Alternative formsEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)).

    NounEdit

    愛 (mana) (kana まな)

    1. something dear or loved
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462)
        安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐
        asi-pi1ki2 no2 yamasapabi1to2 no2 pi1to2 sapa ni mana to2 ipu ko1 ga aya ni kanasisa
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived termsEdit

    DescendantsEdit

    • Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    愛: Hán Việt readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5], áy[4]
    愛: Nôm readings: ái[1][2][3][4][5][6], áy[1][2][3][4][5][6], ải[1]

    1. Hán tự form of ái (“love”).
    2. Nôm form of áy (“troubled; anxious”).

    CompoundsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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