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愛

See also: 爱
愛 U+611B, 愛
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-611B
← 愚
[U+611A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 愜 →
[U+611C]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

愛 (radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月月心水 (BBPE), four-corner 20247, composition ⿳爫冖𢖻)

Derived charactersEdit

Related charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 395, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10947
  • Dae Jaweon: page 732, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2323, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+611B

ChineseEdit

trad. 愛
simp. 爱
variant forms
 
㤅
𢙴
𢛭
𢜤
𤔠
𤔤
𢟪
𢖻

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 愛
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
   
Characters in the same phonetic series (愛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
愛 *qɯːds
曖 *qɯːds, *qaːds
僾 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
靉 *qɯːds, *qɯlʔ
薆 *qɯːds
璦 *qɯːds
瞹 *qaːds

Originally 㤅, a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qɯːds): phonetic 旡 (OC *kɯds) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

As early as the Qin dynasty, a meaningless component 夊 (“foot”) was added to the bottom of the character, as with some other characters depicting people. Compare 憂 (from 㥑).

Further corruption turned the original phonetic 旡 into ⿱爫冖.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋ-(w)aːj (“to copulate; to love; to be gentle”) (STEDT). Compare Proto-Karen *ʔai (“to love”), whence Pa'o Karen [script needed] (ʔái, “to love”), S'gaw Karen အဲၣ် ('ɛ̀, “to love”); Southern Bai e⁴⁴ (“love”); Mizo hma-ngaih (“to love, to like”); Jingpho nwai (“to respect, to love”), ngwi (“to be gentle”); Burmese [script needed] (ŋwé, “to be gentle, moderate”). The Chinese word is related to a Tibeto-Burman allofam without initial *ŋ-.

PronunciationEdit

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ái - literary;
  • ó̤i - vernacular.
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 烏代切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		ài
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		ài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ʔojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[q]ˁə[p]-s/
    English to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 愛
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 1
    Phonetic
    component         		愛
    Rime
    group         		隊
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		愛
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qɯːds/
    Notes 說文本從心旡聲

    DefinitionsEdit

     
    愛

    愛

    1. to love
      我愛你。 / 我爱你。  ―  Wǒ ài nǐ.  ―  I love you.
      你愛他嗎？ / 你爱他吗？  ―  Nǐ ài tā ma?  ―  Do you love him?
    2. to treasure; to value
    3. to like; to be fond of; to be keen on
      他愛說話。 / 他爱说话。  ―  Tā ài shuōhuà.  ―  He likes to talk.
      我不愛吃豬肉。 / 我不爱吃猪肉。  ―  Wǒ bù ài chī zhūròu.  ―  I don't like to eat pork.
    4. to be prone; to be easy to
      愛發脾氣 / 爱发脾气  ―  ài fāpíqì  ―  to be short-tempered
      鐵愛生鏽。 / 铁爱生锈。  ―  Tiě ài shēngxiù.  ―  Iron rusts easily.
    5. love; affection
      愛國 / 爱国  ―  ài guó  ―  patriotism
    6. love; benevolence
      遺愛人間 / 遗爱人间  ―  yíàirénjiān  ―  to leave love behind
    7. something one loves; someone whom one loves
      割愛 / 割爱  ―  gēài  ―  to sacrifice something one loves to someone else
    8. Honorific for someone else's daughter; variant of 嬡／嫒 (ài).
      令愛 / 令爱  ―  lìngài  ―  your precious daughter
    9. affectionate
      愛情 / 爱情  ―  àiqíng  ―  love
    10. beloved
      愛妻 / 爱妻  ―  àiqī  ―  beloved wife
    11. (Hakka, Cantonese, Wu) to want (an object)
      我唔愛咁多。 / 我唔爱咁多。 [Cantonese]  ―  Ngo5 m4 oi3 gam3 do1. [Jyutping]  ―  I don't want that much.
    12. (Min, Hakka) to want to do; to need to; must
      有一點愛注意的。 [Taiwanese, trad.]
      有一点爱注意的。 [Taiwanese, simp.]
      Ū chi̍t tiám ài chù-ì--ê. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      There's one thing you must bear in mind.
    13. A surname​.

    SynonymsEdit

    Dialectal synonyms of 喜歡 (“to like”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 好, 喜好, 愛好
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 喜愛, 喜好, 愛好
    Mandarin Beijing 喜歡, 好希, 愛
    Taiwan 喜歡, 愛
    Jinan 喜歡
    Xi'an 喜歡, 愛
    Wuhan 喜歡, 愛
    Chengdu 喜歡, 歡喜, 愛
    Yangzhou 歡喜
    Hefei 喜歡
    Cantonese Guangzhou 中意, 歡喜
    Hong Kong 中意
    Taishan 中意
    Yangjiang 中意, 歡喜
    Gan Nanchang 歡喜
    Hakka Meixian 中意, 好
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 中意, 好
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 中意, 好
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 中意, 好
    Dongshi (Dabu) 中意, 合意, 好
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 中意, 好
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 佮意, 愛
    Sabah 中意, 惜
    Jin Taiyuan 喜歡, 待見
    Min Bei Jian'ou 愛, 喜歡
    Min Dong Fuzhou 歡喜, 中意, 愛
    Min Nan Xiamen 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意, 舒合
    Quanzhou 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意
    Zhangzhou 歡喜, 愛, 佮意
    Taipei 歡喜, 意愛, 愛, 佮意
    Penang 舒合, 愛
    Philippines (Manila) 愛, 佮意
    Chaozhou 歡喜, 愛
    Wu Shanghai 歡喜
    Suzhou 歡喜
    Wenzhou 喜歡
    Xiang Changsha 喜歡
    Shuangfeng 喜歡

    Usage notesEdit

    • When used for people, 愛／爱 usually refers to romantic love. When used like this, older Mandarin speakers often describe the use of this term as overly 肉麻 (ròumá, “cheesy”). For this reason, the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan, “to like”) might be used instead. Using the word 喜歡／喜欢 (xǐhuan) literally means like, but when used in a romantic context (especially boyfriend/girlfriend), it actually means love. However, younger Mandarin speakers seem to have been influenced somewhat by Western culture, and are now using the verb 愛／爱 much more often than was socially acceptable in the past.

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (愛):

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 愛

    Further readingEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    愛

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    Etymology 1Edit

    Kanji in this term
    愛
    あい
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 愛 (MC ʔʌiH).

    Compare modern Mandarin 愛／爱 (ài).

    PronunciationEdit

    NounEdit

    愛 (hiragana あい, rōmaji ai)

    1. love
      愛 (あい)は強 (つよ)く。
      Ai wa tsuyoku.
      The love is strong.
    2. affection
      Synonym: 愛情 (aijō)
    3. tenderness
    4. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      Synonym: 愛想 (aiso)
    5. (Buddhism) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    6. (Christianity) agape
    SynonymsEdit
    Derived termsEdit
    Derived terms

    Proper nounEdit

    愛 (hiragana あい, rōmaji Ai)

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2Edit

    Kanji in this term
    愛
    まな
    Grade: 4
    kun’yomi

    Originally a compound of 真 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na), an Old Japanese version of modern Japanese の (no, possessive particle).[3]

    The use of 愛 here is an example of ateji (当て字).

    Alternative formsEdit

    PronunciationEdit

    PrefixEdit

    愛 (hiragana まな, rōmaji mana-)

    1. before a common noun, expresses a sense of admiration or value: good, genuine; compare English the real deal
    2. before a noun describing a person, expresses praise or fondness: dear, beloved
    Derived termsEdit

    NounEdit

    愛 (hiragana まな, rōmaji mana)

    1. (archaic, derived from prefix sense) something dear or loved

    Proper nounEdit

    愛 (hiragana まな, rōmaji Mana)

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 3Edit

    Used as ateji in various names. 愛 is a very common element in many, many names.

    Proper nounEdit

    愛 (hiragana あづみ, rōmaji Azumi, alternative reading ああい, rōmaji Āi, alternative reading あいか, rōmaji Aika, alternative reading あいす, rōmaji Aisu, alternative reading あき, rōmaji Aki, alternative reading あこ, rōmaji Ako, alternative reading あみか, rōmaji Amika, alternative reading あおい, rōmaji Aoi, alternative reading ありさ, rōmaji Arisa, alternative reading あや, rōmaji Aya, alternative reading あゆ, rōmaji Ayu, alternative reading ちぎり, rōmaji Chigiri, alternative reading ちか, rōmaji Chika, alternative reading ちかし, rōmaji Chikashi, alternative reading えりな, rōmaji Erina, alternative reading はあと, rōmaji Hāto, alternative reading ひかり, rōmaji Hikari, alternative reading いと, rōmaji Ito, alternative reading いとし, rōmaji Itoshi, alternative reading いつみ, rōmaji Itsumi, alternative reading いずみ, rōmaji Izumi, alternative reading かな, rōmaji Kana, alternative reading かなえ, rōmaji Kanae, alternative reading かなさ, rōmaji Kanasa, alternative reading きずな, rōmaji Kizuna, alternative reading こころ, rōmaji Kokoro, alternative reading このむ, rōmaji Konomu, alternative reading まどか, rōmaji Madoka, alternative reading まなぶ, rōmaji Manabu, alternative reading まなみ, rōmaji Manami, alternative reading めづる, rōmaji Mezuru, alternative reading めご, rōmaji Mego, alternative reading めぐ, rōmaji Megu, alternative reading めぐみ, rōmaji Megumi, alternative reading めぐむ, rōmaji Megumu, alternative reading めい, rōmaji Mei, alternative reading なる, rōmaji Naru, alternative reading なるこ, rōmaji Naruko, alternative reading のぞみ, rōmaji Nozomi, alternative reading らぶ, rōmaji Rabu, alternative reading るい, rōmaji Rui, alternative reading さら, rōmaji Sara, alternative reading さらん, rōmaji Saran, alternative reading つぐみ, rōmaji Tsugumi, alternative reading つくみ, rōmaji Tsukumi, alternative reading うい, rōmaji Ui, alternative reading よし, rōmaji Yoshi, alternative reading よしき, rōmaji Yoshiki, alternative reading よしみ, rōmaji Yoshimi)

    1. a female given name

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
    3. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    愛 (eumhun 사랑 애 (sarang ae))

    1. Hanja form? of 애 (“love”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Old JapaneseEdit

    Alternative formsEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    Originally a compound of 眞 (ma, “true, genuine”) +‎ な (na, apophonic form of possessive particle の (no2)).

    NounEdit

    愛 (mana) (kana まな)

    1. something dear or loved
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3462)
        安志比奇乃夜末佐波妣登乃比登佐波爾麻奈登伊布児我安夜爾可奈思佐
        asi-pi1ki2 no2 yamasapabi1to2 no2 pi1to2 sapa ni mana to2 ipu ko1 ga aya ni kanasisa
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived termsEdit

    DescendantsEdit

    • Japanese: 愛 (mana-)

    VietnameseEdit

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