-esco
Italian
editEtymology
editEtymology tree
From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus.[1] Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-esco
- forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
editAnagrams
editLatin
editEtymology
editEtymology tree
Pronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈeːs.koː][1][2][3]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈɛs.ko]
Suffix
edit-ēscō (present infinitive -ēscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation
- Attaches to a stem (a noun or adjective) to form a verb meaning “to become [stem]” or similar
Usage notes
editMany verbs ending in -ēscō are inchoatives in -scō formed from statives in -eō. However, some verbs exist that are derived directly from the adjective, with no "intermediate" stative verb existing, e.g.:
- amārus > amārēscō (but no *amāreō)
- celeber > celebrēscō (but no *celebreō)
Conjugation
editConjugation varies with verb; only first principal part shown here for illustration.
Conjugation of -ēscō (third conjugation)
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-
- Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)
- → English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)
- Franco-Provençal: -éss-: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)
- French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)
- Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)
- Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)
- Occitan: -iss- (-issi, -isses, -ís)
- Portuguese: -ecer, → -escer
- Romanian: -esc- (-esc, -ești, -ește, -esc), -ăsc-
- Romansch: -esch- (-eschel, -eschas, -escha)
- Spanish: -ecer
- Venetan: -is- (-iso, -isi, -ise, -ise)
References
edit- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 535, 507
- ^ Lindsay, W. M. (1894) The Latin Language, pages 479-480:
- Roots extended by -ā, -ē, -ō like g̑nō- from g̑en-, keep this vowel long, as is their custom in such cases (§ 2); hence (g)nō-sco (Gk. γι-γνώσκω, Epir. γνώσκω), (g)nā-scor, crē-sco, viē-sco, hiā-sco; and similarly Latin Intransitives in -eo (§ 32) and Derivatives in -o (for *-āyō), -eo, -io (ib.), e. g. rŭbē-sco, con-tĭcē-sco, īrā-scor, flāvē-sco, ob-dormī-sco, ercī-sco [erceiscunda on the Lex Rubria, C. I. L. i. 205. (2). 55], descīsco (with tall form of I on Mon. Anc. v. 28, which also offers nascerer with an apex over the a); though at a later time, when the difference of quantity between vowels had become less marked, we find some uncertainty about the e of quiesco (see Gellius, vii. 15, who decides in favour of quiēsco, on the strength of călēsco, nĭtēsco, stŭpēsco and other Inceptives ; cf. ch. ii. § 144).
- ^ W. Sidney Allen (1978) Vox Latina, 2nd edition, pages 38-39:
- Vowels before sc. Before the verbal suffix -sc- the vowel is long in nearly all cases (nōsco, crēsco, pāsco, nāscor, quiēsco, obliuīscor, rubēsco, nancīscor, etc.); probable exceptions are pŏsco, dĭsco, compĕsco, Old Latin ĕscit, similarly mĭsceo, in which the sc derives from originally more complex consonant-groups. The rule is implied in general by Gellius (vii, 15), and supported by inscriptional forms such as créscéns (also Κρησκης), consenésceret, nótésceret, d(esc)ꟾscentem, náscerer, quiéscere, oblꟾuꟾscemur, erceiscunda; absence of vowel weakening in a medial syllable also indicates ā for hiasco (which would otherwise become hiesco).
Portuguese
editPronunciation
edit
Suffix
edit-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)
- Forms adjectives that signify comparison, relation or resemblance to the word stem (-like, -esque)
- animal (“animal”) + -esco → animalesco (“animalesque, animal-like”)
- livro (“book”) + -esco → livresco (“related to books”)
Spanish
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)
- alternative form of -sco; forms adjectives that signify "relation" to the word stem; sometimes pejorative
Suffix
edit-esco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -escos)
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “-esco”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
Categories:
- Italian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Italian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Italian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Italian terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Italian terms derived from Late Latin
- Italian 2-syllable words
- Italian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Italian/esko
- Rhymes:Italian/esko/2 syllables
- Italian lemmas
- Italian suffixes
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms suffixed with -eo
- Latin terms suffixed with -sco
- Latin 2-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin terms with Ecclesiastical IPA pronunciation only
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin verb-forming suffixes
- Portuguese 2-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese suffixes
- Portuguese adjective-forming suffixes
- Spanish 2-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/esko
- Rhymes:Spanish/esko/2 syllables
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish suffixes
- Spanish adjective-forming suffixes
- Spanish pejorative suffixes
- Spanish noun-forming suffixes
- Spanish countable suffixes
- Spanish masculine suffixes
- Spanish augmentative suffixes
- Spanish collective suffixes