-esco

See also: esco, Esco, ESCO, escó, and Escô

Italian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-iskos

Proto-Germanic *-iskaz

Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor.

Vulgar Latin -iscus

Italian -esco

From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus.^[1] Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈes.ko/
Rhymes: -esko
Hyphenation: -é‧sco

Suffix

-esco

forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality
‎Dante (“the poet Dante Alighieri”) + ‎-esco → ‎dantesco (“Dantesque”)

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -esco

Descendants

French: -esque
- English: -esque
- German: -esk

References

^ “-esco” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN

Anagrams

Cose, OCSE, cose, seco, secò

Latin

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti

Proto-Indo-European *-yeti

Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.

Proto-Italic *-ēō

Latin -eō

Proto-Italic *-skō

Latin -scō

Latin -ēscō

Equivalent to -eō +‎ -scō.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈeːs.koː]^[1]^[2]^[3]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈɛs.ko]

Suffix

-ēscō (present infinitive -ēscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

Attaches to a stem (a noun or adjective) to form a verb meaning “to become [stem]” or similar

Usage notes

Many verbs ending in -ēscō are inchoatives in -scō formed from statives in -eō. However, some verbs exist that are derived directly from the adjective, with no "intermediate" stative verb existing, e.g.:

amārus > amārēscō (but no *amāreō)
celeber > celebrēscō (but no *celebreō)

Conjugation

Conjugation varies with verb; only first principal part shown here for illustration.

Conjugation of -ēscō (third conjugation)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-ēscō	-ēscis		-ēscit	-ēscimus	-ēscitis		-ēscunt
	imperfect	-ēscēbam	-ēscēbās		-ēscēbat	-ēscēbāmus	-ēscēbātis		-ēscēbant
	future	-ēscam	-ēscēs		-ēscet	-ēscēmus	-ēscētis		-ēscent
	perfect	-ī	-istī		-it	-imus	-istis		-ērunt, -ēre
	pluperfect	-eram	-erās		-erat	-erāmus	-erātis		-erant
	future perfect	-erō	-eris		-erit	-erimus	-eritis		-erint
passive	present	-ēscor	-ēsceris, -ēscere		-ēscitur	-ēscimur	-ēsciminī		-ēscuntur
	imperfect	-ēscēbar	-ēscēbāris, -ēscēbāre		-ēscēbātur	-ēscēbāmur	-ēscēbāminī		-ēscēbantur
	future	-ēscar	-ēscēris, -ēscēre		-ēscētur	-ēscēmur	-ēscēminī		-ēscentur
	perfect	-us + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-us + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	-ēscam	-ēscās		-ēscat	-ēscāmus	-ēscātis		-ēscant
	imperfect	-ēscerem	-ēscerēs		-ēsceret	-ēscerēmus	-ēscerētis		-ēscerent
	perfect	-erim	-erīs		-erit	-erīmus	-erītis		-erint
	pluperfect	-issem	-issēs		-isset	-issēmus	-issētis		-issent
passive	present	-ēscar	-ēscāris, -ēscāre		-ēscātur	-ēscāmur	-ēscāminī		-ēscantur
	imperfect	-ēscerer	-ēscerēris, -ēscerēre		-ēscerētur	-ēscerēmur	-ēscerēminī		-ēscerentur
	perfect	-us + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	-ēsce		—	—	-ēscite		—
active	future	—	-ēscitō		-ēscitō	—	-ēscitōte		-ēscuntō
passive	present	—	-ēscere		—	—	-ēsciminī		—
passive	future	—	-ēscitor		-ēscitor	—	—		-ēscuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		-ēscere		-ēscī		-ēscēns		—
future		-ūrum esse		-um īrī		-ūrus		-ēscendus, -ēscundus
perfect		-isse		-um esse		—		-us
future perfect		—		-um fore		—		—
perfect potential		-ūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		-ēscendī	-ēscendō		-ēscendum	-ēscendō	-um		-ū

Derived terms

Descendants

Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-
Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)
→ English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)
Franco-Provençal: -éss-: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)
French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)
Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)
Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)
Occitan: -iss- (-issi, -isses, -ís)
Portuguese: -ecer, → -escer
Romanian: -esc- (-esc, -ești, -ește, -esc), -ăsc-
Romansch: -esch- (-eschel, -eschas, -escha)
Spanish: -ecer
Venetan: -is- (-iso, -isi, -ise, -ise)

References

^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 535, 507
^ Lindsay, W. M. (1894) The Latin Language, pages 479-480:
Roots extended by -ā, -ē, -ō like g̑nō- from g̑en-, keep this vowel long, as is their custom in such cases (§ 2); hence (g)nō-sco (Gk. γι-γνώσκω, Epir. γνώσκω), (g)nā-scor, crē-sco, viē-sco, hiā-sco; and similarly Latin Intransitives in -eo (§ 32) and Derivatives in -o (for *-⁠āyō), -eo, -io (ib.), e. g. rŭbē-sco, con-tĭcē-sco, īrā-scor, flāvē-sco, ob-dormī-sco, ercī-sco [erceiscunda on the Lex Rubria, C. I. L. i. 205. (2). 55], descīsco (with tall form of I on Mon. Anc. v. 28, which also offers nascerer with an apex over the a); though at a later time, when the difference of quantity between vowels had become less marked, we find some uncertainty about the e of quiesco (see Gellius, vii. 15, who decides in favour of quiēsco, on the strength of călēsco, nĭtēsco, stŭpēsco and other Inceptives ; cf. ch. ii. § 144).
^ W. Sidney Allen (1978) Vox Latina, 2nd edition, pages 38-39:
Vowels before sc. Before the verbal suffix -sc- the vowel is long in nearly all cases (nōsco, crēsco, pāsco, nāscor, quiēsco, obliuīscor, rubēsco, nancīscor, etc.); probable exceptions are pŏsco, dĭsco, compĕsco, Old Latin ĕscit, similarly mĭsceo, in which the sc derives from originally more complex consonant-groups. The rule is implied in general by Gellius (vii, 15), and supported by inscriptional forms such as créscéns (also Κρησκης), consenésceret, nótésceret, d(esc)ꟾscentem, náscerer, quiéscere, oblꟾuꟾscemur, erceiscunda; absence of vowel weakening in a medial syllable also indicates ā for hiasco (which would otherwise become hiesco).

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈes.ku/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈeʃ.ku/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈes.ko/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈeʃ.ku/

Suffix

-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)

Forms adjectives that signify comparison, relation or resemblance to the word stem (-like, -esque)
‎animal (“animal”) + ‎-esco → ‎animalesco (“animalesque, animal-like”)

‎livro (“book”) + ‎-esco → ‎livresco (“related to books”)

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈesko/ [ˈes.ko]
Rhymes: -esko
Syllabification: -es‧co

Suffix

-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)

alternative form of -sco; forms adjectives that signify "relation" to the word stem; sometimes pejorative
‎libro (“book”) + ‎-esco → ‎libresco (“related to books”)

Suffix

-esco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -escos)

alternative form of -sco; forms augmentative nouns
alternative form of -sco; forms collective nouns

-esco

Contents

Italian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Anagrams

Latin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Suffix

Usage notes

Conjugation

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Portuguese

Pronunciation

Suffix

Spanish

Pronunciation

Suffix

Suffix

Derived terms

Further reading