-us
Contents
TranslingualEdit
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
- This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.
SuffixEdit
-us
- Ending of the conditional in verbs.
EstonianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with Finnish -us.
SuffixEdit
-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
- Derives nouns from adjectives.
DeclensionEdit
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -used |
| accusative | -use | -used |
| genitive | -use | -uste |
| partitive | -ust | -usi |
| illative | -usse -usesse |
-ustesse -usisse |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -usis |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -usist |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -usile |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -usil |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -usilt |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -usiks |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni |
| essive | -usena | -ustena |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -used |
| accusative | -use | -used |
| genitive | -use | -uste |
| partitive | -ust | -useid |
| illative | -usesse | -ustesse -useisse |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -useis |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -useist |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -useile |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -useil |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -useilt |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -useiks |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni |
| essive | -usena | -ustena |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega |
Derived termsEdit
FinnishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys) and nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus). Compare -os.
SuffixEdit
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.
- Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -ukset |
| gen. | -uksen | ||
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -uksessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -uksesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -uksella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -ukselta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille | |
| essive | -uksena | -uksina | |
| translative | -ukseksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -uksetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
See the etymology of -uus.
SuffixEdit
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40/kalleus, t-d gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -udet |
| gen. | -uden | ||
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -udessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -udesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -udella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -udelta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -udelle | -uksille | |
| essive | -utena | -uksina | |
| translative | -udeksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -udetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
AnagramsEdit
HungarianEdit
EtymologyEdit
-u (“diminutive suffix”) + -s (“diminutive suffix”)[1]
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
- A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix.
- agronómus (“agronomist”)
Usage notesEdit
(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people's given names, but also of common nouns, usually ending in a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006
- ^ Zaicz, Gábor. Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN
LatinEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (adjectival ending).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us m (feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second declension
- suffix forming adjectives
DeclensionEdit
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| Nominative | -us | -a | -um | -ī | -ae | -a | |
| Genitive | -ī | -ae | -ī | -ōrum | -ārum | -ōrum | |
| Dative | -ō | -ae | -ō | -īs | -īs | -īs | |
| Accusative | -um | -am | -um | -ōs | -ās | -a | |
| Ablative | -ō | -ā | -ō | -īs | -īs | -īs | |
| Vocative | -e | -a | -um | -ī | -ae | -a | |
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
LithuanianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ùs m stress pattern 4
- Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
DeclensionEdit
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -ù | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| genitive | -aũs | -ių̃ | -iõs | -ių̃ | |
| dative | -iám | -íems | -iai | -ióms | |
| accusative | -ų | -iùs | -ią | -iàs | |
| instrumental | -iù | -iaĩs | -ià | -iomìs | |
| locative | -iamè | -iuosè | -iojè | -iosè | |
| vocative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us, -ùs m
- Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
- alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
- sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
DeclensionEdit
(noun):
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | -ùs | -ūs |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | -aũs | -ų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | -ui | -ùms |
| accusative (galininkas) | -ų | -ùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | -umì | -umìs |
| locative (vietininkas) | -ujè | -uosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | -aũ | -ūs |
(adjective):
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -u | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| genitive | -aus | -ių | -ios | -ių | |
| dative | -iam | -iems | -iai | -ioms | |
| accusative | -ų | -ius | -ią | -ias | |
| instrumental | -iu | -iais | -ia | -iomis | |
| locative | -iame | -iuose | -ioje | -iose | |
| vocative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
Etymology 3Edit
From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us, -ùs
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Cognate with Russian -в (-v). See also -usi. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
Related termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204
Middle WelshEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Welsh: -us
Northern SamiEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.
InflectionEdit
For even-syllable stems:
| Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -us | -usat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -usa | -usiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | -usiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -usii | -usiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -usis | -usiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -usiin | -usiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -usin | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
For odd-syllable stems:
| Even a-stem, ss-s gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -us | -usat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -usa | -usaid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | -usaid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -ussii | -usaide | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -usas | -usain | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -usain | -usaiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -ussan | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived termsEdit
Old FrenchEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- -ous, used for forming adjectives
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Old IrishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Alternative form of -as
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-us (suffixed pronoun)
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
| Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
| 1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
| 2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
| 3 sing. m. | a-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
| 3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| 3 sing. n. | a-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
| 1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
| 2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
| 3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. | ||||
PolishEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- derogatory suffix
- demonym suffix
Usage notesEdit
Usually creates colloqiual words that have pejorative or offensive meaning, such as arabus or bambus. More rarely, creates demonyms, for example krakus.
Derived termsEdit
WelshEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Welsh -us, from Latin -ōsus.
PronunciationEdit
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨ̞s/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɪs/
SuffixEdit
-us
- -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns