-us
Contents
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
- This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.
SuffixEdit
-us
- Ending of the conditional in verbs.
EstonianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with Finnish -us.
SuffixEdit
-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
- Derives nouns from adjectives.
DeclensionEdit
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -used |
| accusative | -use | -used |
| genitive | -use | -uste |
| partitive | -ust | -usi |
| illative | -usse -usesse |
-ustesse -usisse |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -usis |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -usist |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -usile |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -usil |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -usilt |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -usiks |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni |
| essive | -usena | -ustena |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -used |
| accusative | -use | -used |
| genitive | -use | -uste |
| partitive | -ust | -useid |
| illative | -usesse | -ustesse -useisse |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -useis |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -useist |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -useile |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -useil |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -useilt |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -useiks |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni |
| essive | -usena | -ustena |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega |
Derived termsEdit
FinnishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys) and nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus). Compare -os.
SuffixEdit
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.
- Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien |
|
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -ukset |
| gen. | -uksen | ||
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien |
|
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -uksessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -uksesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -uksella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -ukselta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille | |
| essive | -uksena | -uksina | |
| translative | -ukseksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -uksetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)
- Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40/kalleus, t-d gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -udet |
| gen. | -uden | ||
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -udessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -udesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -udella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -udelta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -udelle | -uksille | |
| essive | -utena | -uksina | |
| translative | -udeksi | -uksiksi | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| abessive | -udetta | -uksitta | |
| comitative | — | -uksineen | |
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Diminutive suffix.
- A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix.
- agronómus (“agronomist”)
Usage notesEdit
(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people's given names, but also of common nouns, usually ending in a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006
LatinEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (adjectival ending).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us m (feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second declension
- suffix forming adjectives
DeclensionEdit
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| nominative | -us | -a | -um | -ī | -ae | -a | |
| genitive | -ī | -ae | -ī | -ōrum | -ārum | -ōrum | |
| dative | -ō | -ō | -īs | ||||
| accusative | -um | -am | -um | -ōs | -ās | -a | |
| ablative | -ō | -ā | -ō | -īs | |||
| vocative | -e | -a | -um | -ī | -ae | -a | |
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
LithuanianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ùs m stress pattern 4
- Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
DeclensionEdit
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -ù | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| genitive | -aũs | -ių̃ | -iõs | -ių̃ | |
| dative | -iám | -íems | -iai | -ióms | |
| accusative | -ų | -iùs | -ią | -iàs | |
| instrumental | -iù | -iaĩs | -ià | -iomìs | |
| locative | -iamè | -iuosè | -iojè | -iosè | |
| vocative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us, -ùs m
- Masculine nominative singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
- alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
- sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
DeclensionEdit
(noun):
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | -ùs | -ūs |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | -aũs | -ų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | -ui | -ùms |
| accusative (galininkas) | -ų | -ùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | -umì | -umìs |
| locative (vietininkas) | -ujè | -uosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | -aũ | -ūs |
(adjective):
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -u | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| genitive | -aus | -ių | -ios | -ių | |
| dative | -iam | -iems | -iai | -ioms | |
| accusative | -ų | -ius | -ią | -ias | |
| instrumental | -iu | -iais | -ia | -iomis | |
| locative | -iame | -iuose | -ioje | -iose | |
| vocative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
Etymology 3Edit
From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us, -ùs
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Cognate with Russian -в (-v). See also -usi.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
Related termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204
Middle WelshEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Welsh: -us
Northern SamiEdit
EtymologyEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
Usage notesEdit
This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.
InflectionEdit
For even-syllable stems:
| Odd, no gradation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |
| Genitive | -osa | |
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | -us | -osat |
| Accusative | -osa | -osiid |
| Genitive | -osa | -osiid |
| Illative | -osii | -osiidda |
| Locative | -osis | -osiin |
| Comitative | -osiin | -osiiguin |
| Essive | -usin | |
| Possessive forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st person | -osan | -oseame | -oseamet |
| 2nd person | -osat | -oseatte | -oseattet |
| 3rd person | -osis | -oseaskka | -oseaset |
For odd-syllable stems:
| Even, ss-s gradation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |
| Genitive | -usa | |
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | -us | -usat |
| Accusative | -usa | -usaid |
| Genitive | -usa | -usaid |
| Illative | -ussii | -usaide |
| Locative | -usas | -usain |
| Comitative | -usain | -usaiguin |
| Essive | -ussan | |
| Possessive forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1st person | -ussan | -ussame | -ussamet |
| 2nd person | -ussat | -ussade | -ussadet |
| 3rd person | -ussas | -ussaska | -ussaset |
Derived termsEdit
Old FrenchEdit
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-us
- -ous, used for forming adjectives
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Old IrishEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-us
- Alternative form of -as
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-us (suffixed pronoun)
See alsoEdit
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
| Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
| 1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
| 2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
| 3 sing. m. | a-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
| 3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| 3 sing. n. | a-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
| 1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
| 2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
| 3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. |
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