-im

See also: Appendix:Variations of "im"

Albanian

Alternative forms

• -imë

Etymology

either a derivation of -më from Proto-Albanian *-mā, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ or from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós, abstract noun suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɪm]

Article

-im m

1. -ism, -ation, -ment; Suffixed to nouns or verbs to form masculine abstract nouns of practice (action or incidence), result, teaching (doctrine or philosophy), or status (state or condition) related to the thing or action

   ‎ag (“dawn”) + ‎-im → ‎Agim (“id”)

   ‎admiroj (“admire”) + ‎-im → ‎admirim (“admiration”)

   ‎afër (“close”) + ‎-im → ‎afrim (“approach”)

   ‎arsej (“teach”) + ‎-im → ‎arsim (“education”)

   ‎*argë (“amuse”) + ‎-im → ‎argëtim (“entertainment”)

Related terms

• (suffixed article, suffix): -ëz, -ukël, -të, -më, -ës, -ët

Bislama

Alternative forms

• -em
• -um

Etymology

From English him, 'em.

Suffix

-im

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is i, then the suffix is -im. Otherwise, use -em or -um.

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -imen.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈim]

Suffix

-im m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ims)

1. diminutive suffix added to nouns

   ‎pols (“dust”) + ‎-im → ‎polsim (“fine dust, spray”)

   ‎pluja (“rain”) + ‎-im → ‎plugim (“drizzle”)

2. noun-forming suffix added to verbs

   ‎socarrar (“to burn”) + ‎-im → ‎socarrim (“burnt part of something”)

   ‎fotre (“to fuck; annoy”) + ‎-im → ‎fotim (“whippersnapper”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms suffixed with -im

fotim

ganyims

plugim

regalim

ruixim

socarrim

verrim

Hungarian

Etymology

-i (possessive plural) +‎ -m (first-person singular personal suffix)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [im]
• Rhymes: -im

Suffix

-im

1. (possessive suffix) my ... -s (first-person singular, multiple possessions)

   kapu (“gate”) → a kapuim (“my gates”)

   palota (“palace”) → a palotáim (“my palaces”)

   érme (“coin”) → az érméim (“my coins”)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -im is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -aim is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -eim is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -jaim is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i

  -jeim is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i

Declension

For back vowel words:

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	-im	—
accusative	-imat	—
dative	-imnak	—
instrumental	-immal	—
causal-final	-imért	—
translative	-immá	—
terminative	-imig	—
essive-formal	-imként	—
essive-modal	-imul	—
inessive	-imban	—
superessive	-imon	—
adessive	-imnál	—
illative	-imba	—
sublative	-imra	—
allative	-imhoz	—
elative	-imból	—
delative	-imról	—
ablative	-imtól	—
non-attributive possessive – singular	-imé	—
non-attributive possessive – plural	-iméi	—

For front vowel words:

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	-im	—
accusative	-imet	—
dative	-imnek	—
instrumental	-immel	—
causal-final	-imért	—
translative	-immé	—
terminative	-imig	—
essive-formal	-imként	—
essive-modal	-imül	—
inessive	-imben	—
superessive	-imen	—
adessive	-imnél	—
illative	-imbe	—
sublative	-imre	—
allative	-imhez	—
elative	-imből	—
delative	-imről	—
ablative	-imtől	—
non-attributive possessive – singular	-imé	—
non-attributive possessive – plural	-iméi	—

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Irish

Alternative forms

• -aim (after a broad consonant)
• -aím, -ím (second conjugation form)

Etymology

From Old Irish -imm. The m is always broad (velarized) in Ulster, as if the ending were spelled -(e)am. This pronunciation arose by leveling of this ending with the broad m found in first-person singular prepositional pronouns such as agam, asam, chugam etc. Compare Scottish Gaelic -am (first-person singular imperative).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /əmʲ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /əmˠ/

Suffix

-im

1. first-person singular present indicative and imperative ending of verbs

Usage notes

• This form is attached to first-conjugation verbs with stems ending in either a slender consonant or a vowel;
• Used in place of the pronoun mé:

  ‎feic + ‎-im → ‎feicim (“I see”)

  ‎súigh + ‎-im → ‎súim (“I suck”) (stem sú-)

Northern Kurdish

Suffix

-im

1. first-person singular suffix

   dikim ('I do.')

   hatim ('I came.')

Alternative forms

• -am (after a vowel)

Phalura

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-im/

Suffix

-im

1. Feminine plural agreement suffix

References

• Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-im”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[1], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-im/

Suffix

-im

1. Feminine plural agreement suffix

References

• Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-im”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Pijin

Alternative forms

• -em
• -um

Etymology

From English him, 'em.

Suffix

-im

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notes

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is i, then the suffix is -im. Otherwise, use -em or -um.

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

• Rhymes: -ĩ

Suffix

-im m (plural -ins)

1. (uncommon) forms diminutives
2. Pronunciation spelling of -inho, representing especially Minas Gerais Portuguese.

Derived terms

Portuguese terms suffixed with -im

alastrim

estopim

festim

flautim

fortim

lagostim

lanternim

patim

pulim

serenim

talharim

varandim

Related terms

• -in', -in

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English him, 'em.

Suffix

-im

1. Indicates a transitive verb

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish م (-m, ım, -im, “first-person singular possessive suffix”), from Old Anatolian Turkish م (-m, um, -üm, “first-person singular possessive suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-im. Cognate to Old Turkic 𐰢 (m /⁠-m, -ım, -im, -um, -üm⁠/, “first-person singular possessive suffix”).

Suffix

-im

1. First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.

   ev (“house”) → evim (“my house”)

   ofis (“office”) → ofisim (“my office”)

Usage notes

• Turkish has word-final stress. Usually, when the possessive suffix -im is the last syllable of a word, it takes the stress. See also the first usage note of Etymology 2. However, when suffixed to a word with anomalous stress, the same syllable is stressed as before; for example, İzmir /ˈiz.miɾ/ + -im → İzmir’im /ˈiz.mi.ɾim/ (“my Izmir”).
• If the noun ends in a vowel, the vowel of the possessive suffix is elided, becoming -m:

  kedi (“cat”) + -im → kedim (“my cat”).

• The suffix obeys vowel harmony and is used for words whose last vowel is e or i, and a small number of loan words; for example, saat (“watch”) + -im → saatim (“my watch”). It may change into -ım, -um and -üm according to the last vowel of the word it is suffixed to. Examples:

  kız (“girl”) + -im → kızım (“my girl (daughter)”) (used when the last vowel is “a” or “ı”);

  yol (“road”) + -im → yolum (“my road”) (used when the last vowel is “o” or “u”);

  yüz (“face”) + -im → yüzüm (“my face”) (used when the last vowel is “ö” or “ü”).

• When a stem ends in a voiced consonant, it may become devoiced in syllable-final position. If a word ends in a thus devoiced “p”, “ç”, “t” or “k”, suffixing it with -im changes it back into a voiced “b”, “c”, “d” or “ğ”:

  sebep (“reason”) + -im → sebebim (“my reason”);

  çekiç (“hammer”) + -im → çekicim (“my hammer”);

  senet (“bill”) + -im → senedim (“my bill");

  çiçek (“flower”) + -im → çiçeğim (“my flower”).

• In many words that are originally monosyllables ending in two consonants, an epenthic “i” is inserted between these consonants. When suffixed with -im, the epenthic “i” is dropped:

  beyin (“brain”) + -im → beynim (“my brain”).

Related terms

• -miz, -imiz (“first-person plural possessive suffix”)

Etymology 2

From Ottoman Turkish ـم, ـن (-im, -ım, -in, -ın, -en, “first-person singular suffix”), from Old Anatolian Turkish [script needed] (-ven, “first-person singular suffix”), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *-bẹn (see ben (“I”)). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤 (mn² /⁠-men⁠/, “first person singular suffix”), Karakhanid مَنْ (men, “I, first person singular postposition”), Old Uyghur [script needed] (-men, “first person singular suffix”).

The suffix ultimately merged with the first-person singular possessive suffix (see Etymology 1 above) following the road *-bẹn → *-vẹn → *-ẹn → *-ẹm → -im. 11th-century Karakhanid scholar of Turkic languages Kashgari already hints that the Oghuz use *-en dropping /m/ as opposed to the Karakhanid using "-men" Compare Turkmen -in, -än (“first-person singular suffix”), Azerbaijani -əm (“first-person singular suffix”). For a similar case of loss of initial /b/ at the suffix level, compare -iz (“first-person plural suffix”), from Proto-Common Turkic *biz (see biz (“we”)).

Suffix

-im

1. Conjugation of the verb "to be" for first-person singular, simple present tense.

   güzel (“beautiful”) → güzelim (“I am beautiful”)

2. Personal suffix for "ben" ("I" - first person singular)

   gel- (“come”) + -ecek (“future tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → geleceğim (“I will come”)

   sev- (“love”) + -(e)r (“present tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → severim (“I like, enjoy”)

Usage notes

• In Turkish, as a word final stress language, when this suffix is at the end of a word it does not take the stress due to not being originally a suffix; therefore a differentiation is realized where the possessive suffix carries the stress. See also the first usage note on Etymology 1.

  bel (“waist”) + -im (“first person suffix for "to be"”) → bélim (“I am (the) waist”), as opposed to bel (“waist”) + -im (“first-person possessive suffix”) → belím (“my waist”)

  gel- (“come”) + -(i)r (“present tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → gelírim (“I come”), as opposed to gelir (“income”) + -im (“first-person possessive suffix”) → gelirím (“my income”)

  gel- (“come”) + -ecek (“future tense marker”) + -im (“personal suffix”) → gelecéğim (“I will come”), as opposed to gelecek (“future”) + -im (“first-person possessive suffix”) → geleceğím (“my future”) or also alternatively gelecek (“future”) + -im (“first person suffix for "to be"”) → gelecéğim (“I am (the) future”)

• If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "y" (for the verb to be).

  terli (“sweaty”) → terliyim (“I am sweaty”)

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.

  Zafer → Zafer'im (“I am Zafer”)

• It's always -um in present continuous tense. And in other tenses, the personal suffix may also be -ım, -um, -üm according to the last vowel of the word.

  ver- (“give”) + -iyor (“present continuous tense marker”) + -um (“personal suffix”) → veriyorum (“I am giving”)

  üzül- (“be sad”) + -(ü)r (“present tense marker”) + -üm (“personal suffix”) → üzülürüm (“I become sad”)

  kal- (“stay”) + -(ı)r (“present tense marker”) + -ım (“personal suffix”) → kalırım (“I stay”)

  bul- (“find”) + -(u)r (“present tense marker”) + -um (“personal suffix”) → bulurum (“I find”)

Related terms

• ben (“I”)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Turkic *-im.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈim/

Suffix

preceding vowel
a / ı	e / i	o / u	ö / ü
-ım	-im	-um	-üm

-im

2. Derives nouns from verbs of an instance of, or a result of performing, the action implied by the verb.

   ‎demek (“to say”) + ‎-im → ‎deyim (“saying”)

   ‎dilmek (“to slice”) + ‎-im → ‎dilim (“slice”)

   ‎giymek (“to wear”) + ‎-im → ‎giyim (“clothing”)

   ‎seçmek (“to choose”) + ‎-im → ‎seçim (“choice, election”)

   ‎yutmak (“to swallow”) + ‎-um → ‎yudum (“sip”)

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -im

... yaşındayım

açılım

akım

alım

anlam

anlamsız

anlatım

ayrım

bağım

bağlam

bakım

bölüm

büklüm

çalım

çekim

çıkarım

çözüm

devrim

deyim

dilim

doğum

dönüm

dönüşüm

dürüm

eğilim

ekim

eleştirim

etkileşim

evrim

eylem

gelim

gösterim

gözetim

heteroseksüelim

ışınım

iletişim

indirim

işlem

kalım

kavuşum

kırım

kıvrım

kıyım

konum

kullanım

olumlu

olumsuz

ortam

ölçüm

ölüm

pişim

rica ederim

sadınım

sayım

seçim

sıkıdenetim

sindirim

söylem

sunum

takım

tanım

tasarım

tıklım

titreşim

toplam

tüketim

ulaşım

ünlem

üretim

verim

yapım

yaptırım

yarım

yatırım

yazım

yerleşim

yıkım

yorum

yudum

yücelim

yüklem

Unami

Noun

-im (noun root, final)

1. corn, grain, berry

Derived terms

• kukhusëwim
• lënxàskwim
• mpiànàxkwim
• màxkim
• opim
• pakim
• pisim
• puhwèsënàkwim
• sakwënakanim
• salaxtèkwim
• shaèim
• shèskwim
• shèxkanim
• shëwanàhkwim
• tëpèkwim
• tùkwim
• wisahkim
• wtehim
• xkànim
• xàskwim
• òkhatim
• ònàxkwim

Uzbek

Suffix

postconsonantal	-im
postvocalic	-m

Other scripts

Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic	-им‍
Latin	‍
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan)

-im

1. first-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant

   Bu kitobim.

   This is my book.

Volapük

Etymology

Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós).

Suffix

-im

1. -ism

Derived terms

Volapük terms suffixed with -im

katädim