User:Malku H₂n̥rés/Proto-Berber/Very good reconstructions
Here I put the reconstructions of Van Putten's 2019 paper which I judge very good. Theoretically, these are ready to become actual PB entries on wiki.
Useful
editLanguage codes correspondences
editVan Putten : Wiktionary
- sus. : shi
- cab. : kab
- che., chen. : cnu
- nef. : jbn
- ber., tam. : tzm
- auy., awy. : auj
- fig. : Ø
- gad. : gha
- siw. : siz
- cha. : shy
- rif. : rif
- mez. : mzb
- gua., guar. : Ø
- cen. (what?) : Ø
- zen. : zen
- izn. : Ø
- tu. : tmh
- tu. ah., tu. aha., aha. : thv
- tu. tan., tu. ad. : taq
- tu. ul. : ttq
- tu. ay. : thz
- sen. : sjs
- zua. : ber-zuw
- Timimún : Ø
- Ghomara : gho
- Ghat (as Gat) : tmh-ght
- seg. : Ø
- foc. : ber-fog
- (Mzab-Wargla: Figuig, Mzab, Wargla)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Central Atlas Tamazight:
- Moroccan Amazigh:
- Tashelhit:
- Northwest Moroccan:
- Ghomara:
- Senhaja De Srair:
- Kabyle:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Figuig
- Ayt Seghrouchen
- Ayt ~Warain
- Ayt Iznasen
- Algerian:
- Tachawit:
- Northwestern:
- Chenoua:
- Beni Snus
- Beni Menacer
- Metmata
- Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
- Guraga (Timinun)
- Eastern Zenati:
- Jerba
- Tunisian Berber: (Duiret, Tamezret, Sened, Guelala), Guazin (Libya)
- Zuwara:
- Jefren
- Libyan:
- Sokna:
- Fogaha:
- Siwi:
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg:
- Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
- Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
- Tamajaq:
- Tawellemmet:
- Tayert:
- Tudalt
- Ghat: (and Janet?)
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames:
- Nefusa:
- Awjila:
- Eastern:
- Tetserret:
- Zenaga:
- Para-Berber:
- Guanche:
- Numidian:
Ashes
editNoun
edit*eɣəd m
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit: iɣed
- Figuig: iɣəd
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: eẓəd
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: ešəd
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 254, 265
Beard
editNoun
edit*ta-ʔmar-t or *ta-ʔ(V̆)mar-t f (plural *ti-ʔ(V̆)mir-ă/aʔ)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ (tamart)
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: taʔmmärt (/taʔmmart/), pl. tuʔṁṁuṛa(ʔ) (“chin”)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 297
Amazigh
editEtymology
editPossibly connected to a root *z-ɣ.
Noun
edit*a-maziɣ m (plural *i-maziɣ-ăn, feminine *ta-maziɣ-t, feminine plural *ti-maziɣ-en)
Note
editThis word is considered as Pan-Berber, i.e. almost all Berber languages share this word.
Derived terms
edit- *ta-maziɣ-t (“name of the language”)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ (amaziɣ)
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit: amaziɣ
- Moroccan:
- Pan-Berber: amaziɣ
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 227, 292, 301
Bird
editNoun
edit*a-ǵăḍiḍ m
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 251, 300
Bull
editNoun
edit*a-funas m (feminine *ta-funas-t)
Note
editConsidered Pan-Berber.
Derived terms
edit- *ta-funas-t (“cow”)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit: afunas
- Moroccan:
- Pan-Berber: afunas
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 299, 301
To burn
editEtymology
editFrom the same root as *eɣəd. From earlier *ăwqəd, from Proto-Afroasiatic. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *waqada (“to burn”), see Arabic وَقَدَ (waqada) and Classical Syriac ܝܩܕܐ.
Verb
edit*ăqqəd
- to burn
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 286
Cow
editNoun
edit*ta-funas-t f (masculine *a-funas)
Note
editConsidered Pan-Berber.
Descendants
editDeath
editEtymology
editFrom the same root as *ămmut.
Noun
edit*ta-măttan-t f
Descendants
edit- Pan-Berber: taməttant
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300
To die
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Afroasiatic *mawVt- (“to die, to kill”). Cognate with Proto-Semitic *mawut-, Egyptian mwt and Hausa mutù.
Verb
edit*ămmut
- to die
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt)
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Tuareg: ămmut, ămmăt
- Awjila: mmut
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 285
Dog
editNoun
edit*a-ydiʔ m (plural *i-yəḍ-an) < *i-yədʔ-an
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit: aydi
- Figuig: aydi, plural iyḍan
- Ayt Iznasen: aydi, plural iyḍan
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: eydi, plural iyăḍan
- Eastern:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 256
Ear
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Afroasiatic, with metathesis. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *šamaʕ- and Egyptian sḏm.
Noun
edit*a-məzzuɣ (plural *i-mŭzǵ-an)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 252-253
Earth
editEtymology
editPossibly related to Proto-Semitic *ḥaḳl- (“field”).
Noun
edit*a-ʔḱal m (plural *i-ʔḱall-ăn, construct state *wă-ʔḱal, plural construct state *yə-ʔḱall-ăn)
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
free state | *a-ʔḱal | *i-ʔḱall-ăn |
construct state | *wă-ʔḱal | *yə-ʔḱall-ăn |
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: ăkal
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: ókăl
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: aʔkäy (/aʔkay/)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 278
Esparto
editNoun
edit*aβV̆ri m
- (Stipa tenacissima) esparto (species of North African grass)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 272
Flour
editAlternative reconstructions
editEtymology
editUnknown. Perhaps related to Arabic بُرّ (burr) or Latin farīna.
Noun
edit*a-βV̆rn m (construct state *wă-βV̆rn)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 272, 300
To give
editVerb
edit*ăβkəʔ (imperfect *əβăḱḱăʔ) or əβăkkăʔ
- to give
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 270, 272
Hand
editAlternative reconstruction
edit- *a-f(V̆)ʔus, plural *i-f(V̆)ʔass-ăn
Noun
edit*a-fuʔs m (plural *i-fʔass-ăn)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Tuareg: ăfus
- Ghadames and Nefusa: *a-ʔfus (with metathesis)
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: ävuʔš (/avəʔš/)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 259, 277, 294
Head
editNoun
edit*aɣăf m (plural *aɣăf-iw-ăn)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 296
Heart
editAlternative reconstructions
edit- *uləβ
- *ul(ə)β, plural *ul(ə)β-aw-ăn
Etymology
editFrom Proto-Afroasiatic *lib-, with metathesis. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *libb- and Egyptian jb.[1]
Noun
edit*ulβ m (plural *ulβ-aw-ăn, construct state *w-ulβ, plural construct state *w-ulβ-aw-ăn)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273, 291, 296
Horn
editEtymology
editPerhaps related to *esḱăr (“nail”).
Noun
edit*isəḱ m
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 248
King
editNoun
edit*a-ǵăllid
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: ašăllid
- Awjila: agəllid
- Para-Berber:
- Numidian: [script needed] (gld)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 251, 293
Knee
editEtymology
editLikely from Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Egyptian pꜣḏ.
Noun
edit*a-ʔfud m (plural *i-ʔfadd-ăn)
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Moroccan:
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Eastern:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 277, 294
To learn
editEtymology
editPossibly borrowed from Punic *𐤋𐤌𐤃 (*lmd), though the Punic word is not directly attested. Compare Hebrew למד.[1]
Verb
edit*lmd (aorist *ắlməd, perfect *əlmắd, imperfect *əlắmmăd)
- to learn
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⵍⵎⴷ (lmd)
- Tashelhit:
- Kabyle:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Eastern Zenati:
- Zuwara: ə́lməd (aorist), perfect əlmə́d, imperfect ələ́mməd
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: lmd, aorist əlməd (negation: wăr ilmed), perfect əlmăd, imperfect əlămmăd
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: ắlməd (aorist), perfect əlmắd, imperfect əlắmmăd ; əlmed (he learnt, perf.), ak ilmed (he did not learn, perf.)
References
edit- ^ Blažek, Václav (2014) “Phoenician/Punic loans in Berber languages and their role in chronology of Berber”, in Folia Orientalia[1], volume 51, pages 276–293
- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 274
Lion
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Afroasiatic, with metathesis. CompareProto-Semitic *ʔarway- and Egyptian rw.[1]
Reconstruction notes
editMention Herodotus & "βόρυες" (Histories, IV, 192) here.
Noun
edit*a-βăʔr m
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 280
Man
editEtymology
editUnrelated to Arabic رَجُل (rajul).
Noun
edit*a-răgaz m
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 300
Milk
editNoun
edit*aɣəβ m
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 271
Moon
editNoun
edit*a-ʔyur m
Notes
editThe semantic extension from "moon" to "month" is comparable to those of Proto-Semitic *warḫ-, Proto-Indo-European *mḗh₁n̥s and Proto-Japonic *tukuy, since the moon's orbital period was used for defining a month.
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: äʔž(ž)ər (/aʔžər/)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277
Nail
editAlternative reconstructions
editEtymology
editFrom earlier *a-sḱăr, the initial *a- being kept in the plural. Perhaps related to *isəḱ (“horn”).
Noun
edit*esḱăr m (plural *asḱar-ăn)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 248, 268, 294
Night
editNoun
edit*eβăḍ m
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Figuig: iḍ
- Algerian:
- Northern Saharan Berber: iḍ (Mzab and Ouargla)
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: ehăḍ
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: eβăḍ
- Awjila: ivəṭ
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: īḍ
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 265, 269
Shoulder
editNoun
edit*a-ɣirβ m
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 254, 273
Smoke
editNoun
edit*a-ʔ(V̆)βu m
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: ăho
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: oβu
- Awjila: avú
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: oʔbih (/aʔbə/)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 272, 277
Stone
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Afroasiatic. Compare Proto-Semitic *ʔabn-.
Noun
edit*ta-ʔ(V̆)βun-t f
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Algerian:
- Northern Saharan Berber: twunt (“sort of wooden mortar”) (Mzab)
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: təhunt
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: oʔβənt (“stone ball to grind grains”)
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: tuʔnt (/təʔnt/, “anvil”)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 273, 277
Sun
editNoun
edit*ta-ʔfuḱ-t f
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Awjila: tafút
- Eastern:
- Zenaga: toʔḟ(ḟ)ukt, toʔḟ(ḟ)ugt, täʔḟ(ḟ)ukt (/taʔfəkt/)
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 277
To take
editVerb
edit*aβəɣ
- to take
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Ayt Iznasen: aɣ
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg: ahăɣ
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames: áβăɣ
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, page 270
Tongue
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Afroasiatic *lis-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *lišān-, Egyptian ns,[1] and Proto-Chadic *ls, whence Hausa harshè.
Noun
edit*iləs m (plural *il(ə)s-aw-ăn, construct state *yiləs, plural construct state *yiləs-aw-ăn)
Descendants
editReferences
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 291, 296
Wool
editNoun
edit*ta-ʔḍuβ-t f
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Tuareg: taḍuft
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Eastern:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN, pages 271, 277
Sense
editEtymology
editPOS
edit*head
- [[]]
Descendants
edit- West Moroccan:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Central Atlas Tamazight:
- Tashelhit:
- Kabyle:
- South and Mid-Atlas Moroccan:
- Zenati:
- Moroccan:
- Tarifit:
- Figuig:
- Ayt Seghrouchen:
- Ayt Iznasen:
- Algerian:
- Northwestern:
- Chenoua:
- Northern Saharan Berber: (Mzab, Ouargla)
- Northwestern:
- Eastern Zenati:
- Zuwara:
- Siwi:
- Moroccan:
- Tuareg:
- Tamahaq: (Ahaggar)
- Tamasheq: (Adagh, Taneslemt)
- Tamajaq:
- Tawellemmet:
- Tayert:
- Tudalt:
- Ghat: (and Janet?)
- Ghadames and Nefusa:
- Ghadames:
- Nefusa:
- Awjila:
- Eastern:
- Zenaga:
- Para-Berber:
- Guanche:
- Numidian:
References
edit- van Putten, Marijn (2019) “Introducción al estudio diacrónico del bereber”, in José Juan Batista Rodríguez, editor, Estudios sobre toponimia canaria prehispánica, Academia Canaria De La Lengua, →ISBN