通過

See also: 通过

Chinese

		go through; know well; to connect go through; know well; to connect; to communicate; open	to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker) to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker); to pass; to celebrate; to live; to get along; excessively; too-
trad. (通過)		通	過
simp. (通过)		通	过

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tōngguò

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tong¹ go⁴
Cantonese (Jyutping): tung¹ gwo³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thûng-ko
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thong-kè / thong-kèr / thong-kòe

(Teochew, Peng'im): tong¹ guê³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tōngguò → tōngguo (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˋ → ㄊㄨㄥ ˙ㄍㄨㄛ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tongguo̊
  - Wade–Giles: tʻung¹-kuo⁵
  - Yale: tūng-gwo
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tong.guoh
  - Palladius: тунго (tungo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/ → /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ g̊u̯ɔ²/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: tong¹ go⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tunggo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ko²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tung¹ gwo³
  - Yale: tūng gwo
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tung¹ gwo³
  - Guangdong Romanization: tung¹ guo³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thûng-ko
  - Hakka Romanization System: tung´ go
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tung¹ go⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kè
  - Tâi-lô: thong-kè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tongkex
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kèr
  - Tâi-lô: thong-kèr
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ³³ kə⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-kòe
  - Tâi-lô: thong-kuè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tongkoex
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tong¹ guê³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thong kuè
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/

Preposition

通過

via; by; by means of; through

Synonyms

經由／经由 (jīngyóu)
經過／经过 (jīngguò)
透過／透过 (tòuguò) (chiefly Taiwan, Hong Kong)

Verb

通過

to pass (a measure, bill, proposal, etc.)
這樣的贊助在董事會上是很難通過的。 [MSC, trad.]
这样的赞助在董事会上是很难通过的。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhèyàng de zànzhù zài dǒngshìhuì shàng shì hěn nán tōngguò de. [Pinyin]
Sponsorship like this would be difficult to pass at the board of directors.
to pass by; to pass through
to pass (a test)
通過測驗／通过测验 ― tōngguò cèyàn ― to pass a test

Synonyms

(to pass through): 穿過／穿过 (chuānguò), 經過／经过 (jīngguò)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
通	過
つう Grade: 2	か Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つうか [tsùúká] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝːka̠]

Noun

通(つう)過(か) • (tsūka)

passage through an object
passage of a test in school
passage of a bill
passage through a screening

Synonyms

(passage through): 通行(つうこう) (tsūkō), 通(とお)る (tōru)
(passage of a test): 合格(ごうかく) (gōkaku), 通(とお)る (tōru)
(passage of a bill): 可決(かけつ) (kaketsu), 通(とお)る (tōru)
(passage through a screening): 通(とお)る (tōru)

Verb

通(つう)過(か)する • (tsūka suru) intransitive suru (stem 通(つう)過(か)し (tsūka shi), past 通(つう)過(か)した (tsūka shita))

pass through something
列車(れっしゃ)が通過(つうか)します。ご注意(ちゅうい)ください。
Ressha ga tsūka shimasu. Go-chūi kudasai.
The train is passing by. Please be careful.
pass a test
pass a bill
pass a screening

Conjugation

Conjugation of "通過する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	通過し	つうかし	tsūka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	通過し	つうかし	tsūka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	通過する	つうかする	tsūka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	通過する	つうかする	tsūka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	通過すれ	つうかすれ	tsūka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	通過せよ¹ 通過しろ²	つうかせよ¹ つうかしろ²	tsūka seyo¹ tsūka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	通過される	つうかされる	tsūka sareru
Causative	通過させる通過さす	つうかさせるつうかさす	tsūka saseru tsūka sasu
Potential	通過できる	つうかできる	tsūka dekiru
Volitional	通過しよう	つうかしよう	tsūka shiyō
Negative	通過しない	つうかしない	tsūka shinai
Negative continuative	通過せず	つうかせず	tsūka sezu
Formal	通過します	つうかします	tsūka shimasu
Perfective	通過した	つうかした	tsūka shita
Conjunctive	通過して	つうかして	tsūka shite
Hypothetical conditional	通過すれば	つうかすれば	tsūka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
通	過

Noun

通過 • (tonggwa) (hangeul 통과)

Hanja form^? of 통과 (“passage”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
通	過

Noun

通過

chữ Hán form of thông qua (“to pass; to let through; to approve”).

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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