guru
English edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Hindi गुरु (guru) / Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”), originally "heavy" and in this sense cognate to English grieve and, more distantly, brute. Doublet of grave. A traditional, though flawed etymology based on the Advayataraka Upanishad (line 16)[1] describes the syllables gu as “darkness” and ru as “destroyer”, thus ascribing the meaning of “one who destroys/dispels darkness” to the word.
Pronunciation edit
- (UK) IPA(key): /ˈɡʊɹuː/, /ˈɡuːɹuː/, /ɡʊˈɹuː/
Audio (Southern England) (file)
- (US) IPA(key): /ˈɡʊɹ(ˌ)u/, /ˈɡu(ˌ)ɹu/, /ɡəˈɹu/
Audio (Mid-Atlantic) (file)
- Rhymes: -ʊɹuː, -uːɹuː, -uː
Noun edit
guru (plural gurus or guru)
- In Indian traditions: a spiritual teacher who transmits knowledge to a shishya. [from 17th c.]
- 1817, William Ward, History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos, volume II:
- When the gooroo arrives at the house of a disciple, the whole family prostrate themselves at his feet, and the spiritual guide puts his right foot on the heads of the prostrate family.
- 1939, Verrier Elwin, “The Magician and His Control of the Natural World”, in The Baiga, London: John Murray, […], section II (The Magician’s Heritage), page 342:
- The Baiga magicians derive from the old guru who succeeded Nanga Baiga. There is very great confusion about the original guru, and how he was actually related to Nanga Baiga, but there is general agreement that there were originally four great Baiga guru—Daugun, Nindhan, Danantar and Madhakawar, all four brothers.
- 1989, Norman Jacobs, “The Classical Indian Society”, in Patrimonial Interpretation of Indian Society: Contemporary Structure and Historical Foundations, Delhi: Chanakya Publications, →ISBN, page 66:
- These guru, third, were responsible for insuring that the populace would not be tempted to support heterodox world renouncers and their counter-patrimonial ideas. In contrast to the pre-classical Brahmin scholars, who serviced only their own and certain ruler and elite religion-social interests, the guru were the patronal guides of the masses, offering prebendal control of the deities through charismatic but morally expounded magic and psychological compensation as personal confessors, in return for popular willingness to conform to the dharmic rules, as interpreted by guru to be sure.
- 1994, Simon Rae, “Kiniteken Si Pemena: The Original Belief”, in Breath Becomes the Wind: Old and New in Karo Religion, Dunedin: University of Otago Press, →ISBN, part I (The Karo World), page 19:
- Many of the deities and beliefs recorded by the guru are in fact unknown to the common people, and some represent the esoteric knowledge of only a few guru.
- 2010 May 10, “Madonna is my guru”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian[2], London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-24:
- Traditionally, a guru is a spiritual teacher who guides a student on the road to Enlightenment, or finding God.
- (India) Any general teacher (as a term of respect).
- (sometimes humorous) An influential advisor or mentor. [from 20th c.]
- 2004 October 18, “Vintage technology”, in Time:
- Many oenophiles rely on the ratings and recommendations of wine guru Robert Parker when selecting the perfect bottle.
- (derogatory) A fraudster or conman relying on a projected air of confidence in an obscure field.
- 2012, John D. Rooke (Court of Queen’s Bench of Alberta), “Meads v. Meads, 2012 ABQB 571”, in CanLII[3]:
- OPCA gurus are modern legal alchemists. They promise gold, but their methods are principally intended to impress the gullible, or those who wish to use this drivel to abuse the court system. Any lack of legal success by the OPCA litigant is, of course, portrayed as a consequence of the customer’s failure to properly understand and apply the guru's special knowledge.
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Translations edit
|
|
Verb edit
guru (third-person singular simple present gurus, present participle guruing, simple past and past participle gurued)
- To act as a guru; to give wise advice
References edit
- ^ “Advaya Taraka Upanishad(English Translation)”, in (please provide the title of the work)[1], accessed December 15, 2011, archived from the original on 2012-02-06
Blagar edit
Noun edit
guru
References edit
- Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 165
Catalan edit
Etymology edit
From Hindi गुरु (guru) / Urdu گرو (guru) / Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru m (plural gurus)
- guru (spiritual teacher)
Further reading edit
- “guru” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Czech edit
Noun edit
guru m anim
Declension edit
Also indeclinable.
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
Ultimately from Sanskrit गुरु (guru).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru
- A guru
Declension edit
Inflection of guru (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | guru | gurut | ||
genitive | gurun | gurujen | ||
partitive | gurua | guruja | ||
illative | guruun | guruihin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | guru | gurut | ||
accusative | nom. | guru | gurut | |
gen. | gurun | |||
genitive | gurun | gurujen | ||
partitive | gurua | guruja | ||
inessive | gurussa | guruissa | ||
elative | gurusta | guruista | ||
illative | guruun | guruihin | ||
adessive | gurulla | guruilla | ||
ablative | gurulta | guruilta | ||
allative | gurulle | guruille | ||
essive | guruna | guruina | ||
translative | guruksi | guruiksi | ||
abessive | gurutta | guruitta | ||
instructive | — | guruin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Further reading edit
- “guru”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][4] (online dictionary, continuously updated, in Finnish), Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
French edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru m (plural gurus)
- Alternative spelling of gourou
Hausa edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
gūr̃ū m (plural gūr̃ā̀yē, possessed form gūr̃un)
- A large leather belt, usually containing charms.
Hungarian edit
Etymology edit
From Hindi गुरु (guru), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “heavy”).[1]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru (plural guruk)
- guru (a Hindu or Sikh spiritual teacher)
- guru (leader or expert in a field)
- Synonyms: tanító, mester, tanítómester
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | guru | guruk |
accusative | gurut | gurukat |
dative | gurunak | guruknak |
instrumental | guruval | gurukkal |
causal-final | guruért | gurukért |
translative | guruvá | gurukká |
terminative | guruig | gurukig |
essive-formal | guruként | gurukként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | guruban | gurukban |
superessive | gurun | gurukon |
adessive | gurunál | guruknál |
illative | guruba | gurukba |
sublative | gurura | gurukra |
allative | guruhoz | gurukhoz |
elative | guruból | gurukból |
delative | gururól | gurukról |
ablative | gurutól | guruktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
gurué | guruké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
guruéi | gurukéi |
Possessive forms of guru | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | gurum | guruim |
2nd person sing. | gurud | guruid |
3rd person sing. | guruja | gurui |
1st person plural | gurunk | guruink |
2nd person plural | gurutok | guruitok |
3rd person plural | gurujuk | guruik |
References edit
- ^ guru in Tótfalusi, István. Magyar etimológiai nagyszótár (’Hungarian Comprehensive Dictionary of Etymology’). Budapest: Arcanum Adatbázis, 2001; Arcanum DVD Könyvtár →ISBN
Indonesian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Malay guru, ultimately Sanskrit गुरु (gurú, “guru, teacher, sage”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”). Doublet of brutal and bruto.
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Noun edit
guru (plural guru-guru, para guru, first-person possessive guruku, second-person possessive gurumu, third-person possessive gurunya)
Derived terms edit
Compounds edit
Further reading edit
- “guru” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Italian edit
Etymology edit
From Hindi गुरू (gurū, “teacher”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru m (invariable)
- a guru (religious or spiritual leader; influential person)
Anagrams edit
Javanese edit
Romanization edit
guru
- Romanization of ꦒꦸꦫꦸ
Latin edit
Noun edit
gū̆rū
Lindu edit
Noun edit
guru
Maguindanao edit
Etymology edit
From Malay guru, from From Sanskrit गुरु (gurú)
Noun edit
guru
Malay edit
Etymology edit
From Sanskrit गुरु (gurú, “teacher, sage”) via Old Javanese, from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru (Jawi spelling ݢورو, plural guru-guru, informal 1st possessive guruku, 2nd possessive gurumu, 3rd possessive gurunya)
Derived terms edit
Compounds edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- Edi Sedyawati; Ellya Iswati; Kusparyati Boedhijono; Dyah Widjajanti D. (1994) Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini, Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, →ISBN, page 76
- Pijnappel, Jan (1875), “ݢورو goeroe”, in Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page 108
- Wilkinson, Richard James (1901), “ݢورو guru”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 581
- Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “guru”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, pages 383
Further reading edit
- “guru” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Mapudungun edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru (Raguileo spelling)
- A fox
Old Javanese edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Sanskrit गुरु (guru).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru
- teacher
- long syllable
Derived terms edit
- Bhaṭāra Guru
- guru deśa
- guru hyaṅ
- guru kaki
- guru loka
- guru nini
- guru pitarā
- guru wana
- gurubhakti
- gurudakṣiṇa
- gurudroha
- gurudroha
- gurudrohaka
- gurudṛwya
- gurugaṇa
- gurukulawāsi
- gurulaṅghyana
- gurumbhāgi
- gurumukha
- gurupatnī
- guruputra
- guruputrī
- gurutah
- gurutalpaka
- gurutattwa
- guruwacana
- guruwaktra
- guruwinda
- guruyāga
- guruśikṣā
- guruśuśrūṣa
- gurūpacaraṇa
- gurūpadeśa
Descendants edit
Further reading edit
- "guru" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.
Pali edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Cognate with Sanskrit गुरु (guru). It is an assimilatory modification of garu.
Adjective edit
guru
Declension edit
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | guru | guravo or gurū |
Accusative (second) | guruṃ | guravo or gurū |
Instrumental (third) | gurunā | gurūhi or gurūbhi |
Dative (fourth) | gurussa or guruno | gurūnaṃ |
Ablative (fifth) | gurusmā or gurumhā | gurūhi or gurūbhi |
Genitive (sixth) | gurussa or guruno | gurūnaṃ |
Locative (seventh) | gurusmiṃ or gurumhi | gurūsu |
Vocative (calling) | guru | gurave or guravo |
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | gurunī | guruniyo or gurunī |
Accusative (second) | guruniṃ or guruniyaṃ | guruniyo or gurunī |
Instrumental (third) | guruniyā | gurunīhi or gurunībhi |
Dative (fourth) | guruniyā | gurunīnaṃ |
Ablative (fifth) | guruniyā | gurunīhi or gurunībhi |
Genitive (sixth) | guruniyā | gurunīnaṃ |
Locative (seventh) | guruniyā or guruniyaṃ | gurunīsu |
Vocative (calling) | guruni | guruniyo or gurunī |
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | guru | gurūni or gurū |
Accusative (second) | guruṃ | gurūni or gurū |
Instrumental (third) | gurunā | gurūhi or gurūbhi |
Dative (fourth) | gurussa or guruno | gurūnaṃ |
Ablative (fifth) | gurusmā or gurumhā | gurūhi or gurūbhi |
Genitive (sixth) | gurussa or guruno | gurūnaṃ |
Locative (seventh) | gurusmiṃ or gurumhi | gurūsu |
Vocative (calling) | guru | gurūni or gurū |
Noun edit
guru m
- teacher (clarification of this definition is needed)
Declension edit
Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | guru | guravo or gurū |
Accusative (second) | guruṃ | guravo or gurū |
Instrumental (third) | gurunā | gurūhi or gurūbhi |
Dative (fourth) | gurussa or guruno | gurūnaṃ |
Ablative (fifth) | gurusmā or gurumhā | gurūhi or gurūbhi |
Genitive (sixth) | gurussa or guruno | gurūnaṃ |
Locative (seventh) | gurusmiṃ or gurumhi | gurūsu |
Vocative (calling) | guru | gurave or guravo |
References edit
Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “guru”, in Pali-English Dictionary, London: Chipstead
Polish edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Hindi गुरू (gurū) / Urdu گرو (guru) / Punjabi ਗੁਰੂ (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (gurú), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥Húṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥Húš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂ús (“heavy”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru m pers (indeclinable)
Further reading edit
Portuguese edit
Etymology edit
From Sanskrit गुरु (gurú, “venerable, respectable”), originally "heavy", from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us. Doublet of bruto.
Pronunciation edit
- Rhymes: -u
- Hyphenation: gu‧ru
Noun edit
guru m (plural gurus)
- guru (spiritual teacher)
Noun edit
guru m or f by sense (plural gurus)
- guru (advisor, mentor)
Related terms edit
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from English guru or French gourou.
Noun edit
guru m (plural guru)
Declension edit
Serbo-Croatian edit
Noun edit
gȕru m (Cyrillic spelling гу̏ру)
Declension edit
Slovak edit
Etymology edit
Derived from Hindi गुरू (gurū) / Urdu گرو (guru), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “venerable, respectable”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru m anim (genitive singular gurua, nominative plural guruovia, genitive plural guruov, declension pattern of chlap)
Declension edit
References edit
- “guru”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Swahili edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Hindi गुड़ (guṛ, “jaggery”).
Pronunciation edit
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Noun edit
guru
- Only used in sukari guru (“jaggery”)
Swedish edit
Etymology edit
From Hindi गुरू (gurū), from Sanskrit गुरु (guru, “heavy”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
guru c
Declension edit
Declension of guru | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | guru | gurun | gurur, guruer, gurus | gururna, guruernas |
Genitive | gurus | guruns | gururs, guruers, gurus | gururnas, guruernas |
References edit
Toba Batak edit
Noun edit
guru
Derived terms edit
References edit
Yakan edit
Noun edit
guru
- teacher (of spiritual matters or martial arts)