僚

See also: 𠆨

僚	U+50DA, 僚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50DA

← 僙
[U+50D9]

CJK Unified Ideographs

僛 →
[U+50DB]

僚	U+F9BB, 僚 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9BB

← 了
[U+F9BA]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

寮 →
[U+F9BC]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

僚 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+12, 14 strokes, cangjie input 人大金火 (OKCF), four-corner 2429₆, composition ⿰亻尞)

Derived characters edit

𡒭

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 116, character 25
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1100
Dae Jaweon: page 248, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 218, character 3
Unihan data for U+50DA

Unihan data for U+F9BB

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 僚

**Oracle bone script**
j18875

**Small seal script**
s05694

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (尞) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
簝	reːw, reːw
潦	reːwʔ, reːws
獠	reːwʔ, ʔr'eːwʔ, *reːw
轑	*reːwʔ
橑	reːwʔ, reːw
燎	rew, rewʔ, *rews
繚	rewʔ, reːw, *reːwʔ
璙	rewʔ, reːw, *reːws
憭	rewʔ, reːw, *reːwʔ
爒	rewʔ, reːwʔ
僚	rewʔ, reːw
嫽	rewʔ, reːw, *reːws
療	*rews
膫	rews, reːw
鷯	rews, reːw
遼	*reːw
撩	reːw, reːwʔ
嘹	reːw, reːw, *reːws
寮	*reːw
飉	*reːw
竂	*reːw
鐐	reːw, reːws
蟟	*reːw
瞭	reːw, reːwʔ
嶚	*reːw
镽	*reːwʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rewʔ, *reːw) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 尞 ().

Pronunciation 1 edit

simp. and trad.		僚
2nd round simp.		𠆨
alternative forms		寮尞

Mandarin
(Pinyin): liáo (liao²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄠˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): liu⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): lièu
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liâu
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶liau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liáo
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liáo
  - Wade–Giles: liao²
  - Yale: lyáu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liau
  - Palladius: ляо (ljao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: liu⁴
  - Yale: lìuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: liu⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: liu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːu̯²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lièu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ieu⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâu
  - Tâi-lô: liâu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liaau
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liau²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liau²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liau¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liau²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liau²³/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶liau
  - MiniDict: liau^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³liau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɔ²³/

Middle Chinese: lew, ljewX

Rime
Character	僚	僚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	蕭 (93)	宵 (91)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	落蕭切	力小切
Baxter	lew	ljewX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/leu/	/liᴇu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/leu/	/liɛu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/leu/	/ljæu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛw/	/liaw^X/
Li Rong	/leu/	/liɛu^X/
Wang Li	/lieu/	/lĭɛu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/lieu/	/li̯ɛu^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liáo	liǎo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	liu⁴	liu⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤew/

(Zhengzhang): /*rewʔ/, /*reːw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	僚
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liáo
Middle Chinese	‹ lew ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁew/
English	office or position
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	僚	僚
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	8084	8095
Phonetic component	尞	尞
Rime group	宵	宵
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	繚	聊
Old Chinese	/*rewʔ/	/*reːw/

Definitions edit

僚

official; bureaucrat
官僚 ― guānliáo ― bureaucrat
colleague; associate; companion
同僚 ― tóngliáo ― colleague; coworker
a surname

Compounds edit

下僚
僚佐 (liáozuǒ)
僚友
僚寀／僚采
僚屬／僚属 (liáoshǔ)
僚機／僚机
同僚 (tóngliáo)
壙僚／圹僚
大僚
官僚 (guānliáo)
官僚主義／官僚主义 (guānliáo zhǔyì)
官僚政治
官僚資本／官僚资本
官僚資本主義／官僚资本主义 (guānliáo zīběnzhǔyì)
幕僚 (mùliáo)
幕僚機關／幕僚机关
朋僚 (péngliáo)
百僚
臣僚 (chénliáo)

Pronunciation 2 edit

simp. and trad.		僚

Mandarin
(Pinyin): liǎo (liao³)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄠˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): liu⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liǎo
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liǎo
  - Wade–Giles: liao³
  - Yale: lyǎu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leau
  - Palladius: ляо (ljao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: liu⁵
  - Yale: líuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: liu⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: liu⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːu̯¹³/

Definitions edit

僚

^† good; beautiful
- 月出皎兮、佼人僚兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yuè chū jiǎo xī, jiǎorén liǎo xī. [Pinyin]
  The moon comes forth in her brightness;
  How lovely is that beautiful lady!