習
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Translingual
editHan character
edit習 (Kangxi radical 124, 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 17602, composition ⿱羽白)
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 956, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
- Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3345, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7FD2
Chinese
edittrad. | 習 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 习 | |
alternative forms | 𮊸 |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 習 | ||
---|---|---|
Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.
In the current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so the present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).
Alternatively, the original form may have been a phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ljub) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 日 (“sun”).
Etymology
editTwo general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.
Area word:
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
- Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xi2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): xit6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xieh5
- Northern Min (KCR): sĭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): sĭk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8zhiq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): si6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sí
- Wade–Giles: hsi2
- Yale: syí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
- Palladius: си (si)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xi2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zaap6 / zap6
- Yale: jaahp / jahp
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap9 / dzap9
- Guangdong Romanization: zab6 / zeb6
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡saːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: dip5
- Sinological IPA (key): /tip̚³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xit6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕit̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
- Hakka Romanization System: xib
- Hagfa Pinyim: xib6
- Sinological IPA: /sip̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xieh5
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /si²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /siʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 習 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕi³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ɕi²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕi⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /ɕi⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /si⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /si⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /ɕi²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ɕji²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕi¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ɕi¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ɕi²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕi²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /ɕi³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /ɕi²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ɕi³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /siʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /ɕiəʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/ |
Pingyao | /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕiəʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ʑiɪʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /ziəʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /d͡ʑiəʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /zai²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰi²²/ |
Tunxi | /t͡sʰe¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /si²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /si²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiʔ⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /sip̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /sip̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sap̚²/ |
Nanning | /t͡sɐp̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /t͡sap̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sip̚⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /siʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /si²⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /sip̚⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sip̚³/ |
- Middle Chinese: zip
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/
Definitions
edit習
- (obsolete) to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
- to practice; to exercise; to review
- to study; to learn
- to become familiar with; to be used to
- habit; custom
- (literary, obsolete) trusted follower
- often; frequently
- a surname
- 習近平/习近平 ― Xí Jìnpíng ― Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
Compounds
edit- 修習/修习
- 傳習/传习 (chuánxí)
- 凡習/凡习
- 刻苦學習/刻苦学习
- 學習/学习 (xuéxí)
- 實習/实习 (shíxí)
- 惡習/恶习 (èxí)
- 抓緊學習/抓紧学习
- 溫習/温习 (wēnxí)
- 演習/演习 (yǎnxí)
- 熟習/熟习 (shúxí)
- 痼習/痼习
- 相沿成習/相沿成习
- 研習/研习 (yánxí)
- 積習/积习 (jīxí)
- 積習難改/积习难改 (jīxínángǎi)
- 練習/练习 (liànxí)
- 習以成俗/习以成俗
- 習以成性/习以成性
- 習以為常/习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
- 習俗/习俗 (xísú)
- 習俗移性/习俗移性
- 習坎/习坎
- 習家店/习家店 (Xíjiādiàn)
- 習得性/习得性
- 習得性無助感/习得性无助感
- 習性/习性 (xíxìng)
- 習慣/习惯 (xíguàn)
- 習慣性/习惯性
- 習慣成自然/习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán)
- 習慣法/习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
- 習慣用法/习惯用法
- 習慣用語/习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ)
- 習慣自然/习惯自然
- 習慣若自然/习惯若自然
- 習氣/习气 (xíqì)
- 習水/习水
- 習水縣/习水县
- 習用/习用 (xíyòng)
- 習習/习习 (xíxí)
- 習近平/习近平
- 習題/习题 (xítí)
- 聯想學習/联想学习
- 自習/自习 (zìxí)
- 舊習/旧习
- 補習/补习 (bǔxí)
- 複習/复习 (fùxí)
- 見習/见习 (jiànxí)
- 軍事演習/军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí)
- 陋習/陋习 (lòuxí)
- 陳規舊習/陈规旧习
- 陳規陋習/陈规陋习 (chénguīlòuxí)
- 預習/预习 (yùxí)
Descendants
editOthers:
References
edit- Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “習” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].
- “習”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editShinjitai | 習 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
習󠄁 習+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
習󠄃 習+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
edit- learn
Readings
edit- Go-on: じゅう (jū)←じふ (zifu, historical)
- Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)←しふ (sifu, historical)
- Kun: ならう (narau, 習う, Jōyō); ならい (narai, 習い)
- Nanori: しげ (shige)
Compounds
edit- 練習 (renshū): practice
- 慣習 (kanshū): common practice
- 習慣 (shūkan): custom, habit
- 自習 (jishū): self-study
References
edit- ^ “習”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
Korean
editEtymology
edit(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰɯp̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [습]
Hanja
editCompounds
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit習: Hán Nôm readings: tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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