酷
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Translingual edit
Han character edit
酷 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田竹土口 (MWHGR), four-corner 14661, composition ⿰酉告)
Derived characters edit
References edit
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39870
- Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3583, character 10
- Unihan data for U+9177
Chinese edit
| trad. | 酷 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 酷 | |
Glyph origin edit
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːɡ) : semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink vessel”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).
Etymology edit
Original meaning was “cruel”. The sense “cool” is a phono-semantic matching of English cool.
Pronunciation edit
Definitions edit
酷
- (literary, of alcohol) strong; intense
- cruel; brutal; savage
- extremely; to an extreme degree
- (Mandarin, slang) cool; awesome
Usage notes edit
Whilst English "cool" may be used in a wide variety of contexts, 酷 (and, by extension, 酷斃／酷毙 (kùbì)) is usually only used to describe something fashionable or extraordinary.
See also edit
Compounds edit
Japanese edit
| Shinjitai | 酷 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] |
酷󠄁 酷+ 󠄁?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
| 酷󠄃 酷+ 󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji edit
酷
Readings edit
- Go-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 酷しい); はなはだ (hanahada, 酷だ); はなはだしい (hanahadashī, 酷だしい); ひどい (hidoi, 酷い); むごい (mugoi, 酷い)
- Nanori: あつ (atsu)
Compounds edit
Etymology edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 酷 |
| こく Grade: S |
| on’yomi |
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.[2]
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
酷 • (koku) ←こく (koku)?-na (adnominal 酷な (koku na), adverbial 酷に (koku ni))
- [from 1754] cruel, severe, harsh, merciless
- [from 1878] extremely, excessively
- Synonym: 甚だしい (hanahadashii)
Inflection edit
Inflection of 酷
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 酷だろ | こくだろ | koku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 酷だ | こくだ | koku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 酷な | こくな | koku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 酷なら | こくなら | koku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 酷であれ | こくであれ | koku de are |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 酷ではない 酷じゃない |
こくではない こくじゃない |
koku de wa nai koku ja nai |
| Informal past | 酷だった | こくだった | koku datta |
| Informal negative past | 酷ではなかった 酷じゃなかった |
こくではなかった こくじゃなかった |
koku de wa nakatta koku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 酷です | こくです | koku desu |
| Formal negative | 酷ではありません 酷じゃありません |
こくではありません こくじゃありません |
koku de wa arimasen koku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 酷でした | こくでした | koku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 酷ではありませんでした 酷じゃありませんでした |
こくではありませんでした こくじゃありませんでした |
koku de wa arimasen deshita koku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
| Conditional | 酷なら（ば） | こくなら（ば） | koku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 酷だったら | こくだったら | koku dattara |
| Volitional | 酷だろう | こくだろう | koku darō |
| Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | koku ni |
| Degree | 酷さ | こくさ | kokusa |
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 酷なら | こくなら | kokunara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 酷に[1] 酷なり[2] |
こくに こくなり |
kokuni kokunari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 酷なり | こくなり | kokunari | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 酷なる | こくなる | kokunaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 酷ならず | こくならず | kokunarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 酷なれど | こくなれど | kokunaredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 酷なれば | こくなれば | kokunareba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 酷ならば | こくならば | kokunaraba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 酷なりき | こくなりき | kokunariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 酷なりけり | こくなりけり | kokunarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | kokuni | |
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Noun edit
- [from 1754] cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness
References edit
- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 2155 (paper), page 1129 (digital)
- ^ “酷”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk).
Hanja edit
Compounds edit
Compounds
References edit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese edit
Han character edit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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