Appendix:Proto-Grassfields reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Grassfields reconstructions is from Hyman (1979).
List edit
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Grassfields |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | accept | *bím+ |
| 1 | accept | *bín+ |
| 3 | age group | *gwàk` |
| 4 | agitate (wind) | *cÌk |
| 5 | animal | *nàm` |
| 6 | ant | *Lí (?) |
| 7 | arm | *kóN |
| 8 | ascend | *kók |
| 9 | ashes | *bÚ` |
| 9 | ashes | *tóe (?) |
| 11 | attach | *kúd-i |
| 12 | axe | *njàm´ |
| 13 | back | *jÌm |
| 14 | bad, be | *bíp |
| 15 | bag | *bàm` |
| 16 | bamboo | *dìŋí |
| 17 | bark (n) | *kùb` |
| 18 | bark (v) | *búp |
| 19 | basket | *kà(m?)` |
| 20 | be | *b’á |
| 21 | bean | *kún` |
| 22 | beard | *dìl` |
| 23 | bed | *kún´ |
| 24 | bee | *yú´ (˜ j) |
| 25 | beehive | *ŋwak |
| 26 | beg | *lón |
| 27 | begin | *jè |
| 28 | belly | *bÙm |
| 28 | belly | *là` |
| 30 | belt | *kòb |
| 31 | bend | *gÚm+ (˜ k) |
| 32 | big, be | *ɣák |
| 33 | bird | *nų̀n´ |
| 33 | bird | *síŋ´ |
| 35 | birth, give | *bÍ |
| 36 | bite | *lúm |
| 37 | bitter, be | *Lùi |
| 38 | black, be | *fÍn |
| 39 | blood | *lém` |
| 39 | blood | *cÌ´ |
| 41 | blow | *fép |
| 41 | blow | *fùad |
| 43 | blow nose | *mÌt |
| 44 | body | *nód |
| 45 | bone | *gÚp |
| 45 | bone | *kúi(n)´ |
| 47 | boy | *sùm |
| 48 | brain | *bóŋ |
| 49 | branch | *táb` |
| 50 | break | *bék, búk |
| 51 | breast | *b’én` |
| 52 | breathe | *ywè(-ti) |
| 53 | bridge | *dàl` |
| 54 | bundle | *bÚk´ |
| 55 | burn | *kÚ (?) |
| 55 | burn | *tòn |
| 57 | burn, roast | *ɲòk |
| 58 | burnt, be | *fú(i)? |
| 59 | burst | *bÚd-i |
| 60 | bury | *túŋ-i |
| 61 | bushcow | *mbòŋ` |
| 62 | buttock | *sát` |
| 63 | buy | *yún |
| 64 | cadaver | *kÚ` |
| 64 | cadaver | *gÙn |
| 66 | calabash | *tEm |
| 67 | call, read | *tóŋ |
| 67 | call, read | *tóŋ |
| 68 | cane | *mbàŋ` |
| 69 | cap | *tàm, *dàm |
| 69 | cap | *cèk |
| 70 | carry | *bèk-i |
| 71 | carve | *kóm |
| 72 | ceiling | *kàŋ´ |
| 73 | charcoal | *ké` |
| 74 | cheek | *gèk |
| 75 | chief | *fÒn` |
| 76 | child | *-án |
| 77 | clay, mud | *cák´ |
| 78 | clay (white) | *mbém´ |
| 79 | clean, be | *dán |
| 80 | clear bush | *tém |
| 81 | close | *yék |
| 82 | cloth | *ndÍ´ |
| 83 | cloud | *bàk ` |
| 83 | cloud | *dùad |
| 85 | cock | *k(w)èk |
| 86 | cockroach | *fím´ |
| 87 | cocoyam | *kùkí |
| 88 | cold, be | *f’é |
| 89 | coldness | *fép` |
| 90 | come | *yík-a |
| 90 | come | *s(i)òk |
| 92 | cook | *lám |
| 92 | cook | *náŋ |
| 94 | copulate | *cáŋ |
| 95 | cough | *kót-i |
| 96 | count | *táŋ |
| 97 | cover | *cí(l)-ti (?) |
| 98 | cow | *nàk´ |
| 99 | cowry | *bÍm` |
| 100 | crab | *kámí |
| 101 | cricket | *tìt´ |
| 102 | crunch | *kÚd |
| 103 | cry | *d+ìl |
| 103 | cry | *Làn |
| 105 | cut | *cwán |
| 106 | cutlass | *nÍ |
| 107 | dance (v) | *bÍn |
| 108 | darkness, night | *njím´ |
| 108 | darkness, night | *njím´ |
| 269 | night | *tÚk |
| 109 | day | *cí´ |
| 110 | death | *ɣÚà |
| 111 | defecate | *nÌ |
| 112 | descend | *fík |
| 113 | dew | *mÙk, mèk |
| 114 | die | *kÚ(a) |
| 115 | divide | *g+àb(-ti) |
| 116 | dog | *bÚà |
| 117 | dream | *jèm |
| 118 | drink | *nú(a) |
| 119 | drive away | *jùŋ |
| 119 | drive away | *fìd |
| 121 | drum | *ŋgòm` |
| 122 | dry, become | *yúm |
| 123 | dry (tr) | *yán |
| 124 | dry season | *lùm` |
| 125 | dust | *búb´-li |
| 126 | ear | *túŋ-li |
| 127 | eat | *lÍa |
| 128 | egg | *bùm´ |
| 129 | egusi | *ŋgÌk |
| 130 | elephant | *sÉn |
| 131 | enter | *kún |
| 131 | enter | *ɲí (*nÍ?) |
| 133 | excrement | *bÍd |
| 134 | extinguish | *bÉt-ti? |
| 134 | extinguish | *lÍm-Ci |
| 136 | eye | *Ít` |
| 137 | face | *sÍ` |
| 138 | fall | *gÙa |
| 139 | fart (v) | *fèt |
| 140 | fat (n) | *f’óm` |
| 141 | father | *tàtV´ |
| 142 | fear (v) | *bóp |
| 142 | fear (v) | *bóp |
| 143 | feather | *fèl` |
| 143 | feather | *gÙlì |
| 145 | feed | *lÍ-at |
| 146 | fenced compound | *bàn` |
| 147 | fill | *dú(n)-si |
| 148 | finish (intr) | *mè |
| 149 | finish (tr) | *mÈt-ti |
| 150 | fire | *ù-Ít´ |
| 151 | firewood | *kÚi(n)` |
| 152 | fish | *sÚ` |
| 153 | fish, tadpole | *bwè` |
| 154 | fly (n) | *njÌ |
| 155 | follow | *bÌ+ |
| 156 | foot | *ɣùl` |
| 157 | forest, field | *kò´ |
| 158 | friend | *sún´ |
| 159 | front, in | *bÌ |
| 160 | fruit | *tám´ |
| 161 | fry | *káŋ-i |
| 162 | fufu (corn) | *bán` |
| 163 | girl | *gòn` |
| 164 | give | *f’á |
| 165 | glue (v) | *dìad |
| 166 | go | *ɣÈn |
| 166 | go | *d+ù |
| 404 | walk | *gÈn-li |
| 168 | goat | *bÚÌ |
| 169 | good, be | *bòŋ |
| 170 | gorilla | *búk´ |
| 171 | grasshopper | *tàn |
| 172 | grasshopper, (sp) | *gÙn |
| 173 | grave | *sè` |
| 174 | grind | *g+òk |
| 175 | ground | *sé |
| 176 | groundnut | *bìyáŋ ˜ bìláŋ |
| 176 | groundnut | *jÙ |
| 178 | gun | *ŋgád` |
| 179 | hair | *nùŋ |
| 180 | hand | *bó` |
| 181 | harvest, (pick fruit) | *káb |
| 182 | hate | *bàn |
| 183 | head | *tú` |
| 184 | headpad | *kád` |
| 185 | hear | *yúk |
| 186 | heart | *tím` |
| 187 | heavy, be | *d+į̀d |
| 188 | he-goat | *béb` |
| 188 | he-goat | *fòd` |
| 190 | help | *kó-ti |
| 190 | help | *gàm-ti |
| 192 | hen | *gÚb` |
| 193 | hide | *lèm |
| 194 | hill | *kóŋ |
| 195 | hip | *LÍŋ` |
| 196 | hit | *lÌb |
| 197 | hoe (n) | *sól` |
| 198 | hoe (v), cultivate | *lÍk |
| 198 | hoe (v), cultivate | *lÍk |
| 199 | hole, cave | *bùk` |
| 200 | honey | *lù |
| 201 | horn | *ndóŋ |
| 202 | horse | *díŋ´ |
| 203 | house | *ndáb` |
| 204 | hunger | *jè(ŋ) |
| 205 | hunt | *bÚem |
| 206 | husband | *lúm` |
| 207 | ill, be; ache | *jaŋ |
| 208 | illness | *gòn´ |
| 209 | increase | *kùk-i-CV |
| 210 | injured, be | *lém |
| 211 | intestines | *tó` |
| 212 | iron | *ténV́ |
| 213 | itch (v) | *yùt |
| 214 | kill | *yú-ti |
| 215 | knee | *lúÌ |
| 216 | knife | *bé |
| 217 | knot (v) | *cÚŋ |
| 218 | know | *jÍ |
| 219 | kola | *bÌ´ |
| 220 | ladder | *kók` |
| 221 | laugh | *g(w)èl |
| 221 | laugh | *cék |
| 223 | leaf | *f’ù´ |
| 247 | medicine (='leaf') | *f’ù´ |
| 224 | leg, tibia | *fÍn |
| 225 | leg, thigh | *tám |
| 226 | leopard | *g(w)è` |
| 226 | leopard | *bá(t)` |
| 226 | leopard | *Fùn´ |
| 229 | lick | *lád |
| 230 | lie down | *nòŋ-i |
| 231 | lineage | *kàŋ |
| 232 | lizard | *kébát |
| 233 | locust | *gómí |
| 234 | long, be | *d+àp |
| 235 | lose | *bé |
| 235 | lose | *lÍm |
| 237 | mad, go | *bá |
| 238 | maggot | *gÙd´ |
| 239 | maize | (*ŋgò-a)-sáŋ |
| 239 | maize | *kwì` |
| 241 | make | *gì(-li) |
| 242 | man | *báŋà |
| 243 | market | *tán´ |
| 243 | market | *wín´ |
| 245 | meat, rat | *bàb´ |
| 246 | medicine | *kàŋ` |
| 246 | medicine | *cèb |
| 247 | medicine (='leaf') | *f’ù´ |
| 249 | meet | *bùm |
| 249 | meet | *tíd |
| 251 | message | *kèn` |
| 251 | message | *túm` |
| 253 | mole | *ndùm´ |
| 254 | money | *káb` |
| 255 | monkey | *káná |
| 256 | moon | *mu-V´l |
| 257 | mother | *má |
| 257 | mother | *nì |
| 259 | mould (v) | *bóm |
| 260 | mouth | *cùl` |
| 261 | mushroom | *ɣòk´ |
| 262 | nail | *kíb´ |
| 262 | nail | *kíb´ |
| 263 | name | *lÍn` |
| 263 | name | *kúm |
| 265 | navel | *tòŋ´ |
| 266 | neck | *mì(l) |
| 267 | nest | *kàn` |
| 268 | new | *fí |
| 270 | nose | *L(u)Í` |
| 271 | notice | *Lin |
| 272 | oil | *gÚd |
| 273 | old, be | *DÙn |
| 274 | pipe | *kìŋ´ |
| 275 | pit | (*bú´) |
| 276 | place | *dįk´ |
| 277 | plant (v) | *kón |
| 278 | plantain | *kèdòŋ |
| 278 | plantain | *ŋgòm´ |
| 280 | pleased, be | *sáŋ-li |
| 281 | poor, be | *búŋ |
| 281 | poor | *jìŋ` |
| 283 | porcupine | *ŋgùm |
| 284 | pot | *tòn` |
| 285 | pot | *kį̀ŋ´ |
| 286 | pound | *cÚk |
| 287 | pour | *kÙd-i |
| 288 | prepare | *nàb-ti |
| 289 | profit | *bÙi(n) |
| 289 | profit | *sék |
| 291 | pull | *sÙŋ |
| 292 | pumpkin | *bòk´ |
| 293 | pus | (*fÚ`) |
| 294 | quarterhead | *kúm |
| 295 | rain (n) | *bìŋ` |
| 295 | rain (n) | *ɣúl´(b’-) |
| 297 | rat | *fúl´ |
| 298 | red, be | *bàŋ |
| 299 | refuse | *tón |
| 300 | refuse, swear | *kàn |
| 301 | resemble | *fú-Ci |
| 302 | rest | *f’éCV |
| 302 | rest | *yÙti |
| 304 | ring | *kwáŋ |
| 305 | river | (*gì`?) |
| 306 | road | *jÌ(l)` |
| 307 | root | *ɣàŋ´ |
| 308 | rope | *kÙl´ |
| 308 | rope | *Lík` |
| 310 | rot | *bè |
| 310 | rot | *f(w)è |
| 312 | rub | *cík |
| 312 | rub | *yók |
| 314 | run | *kù/ò |
| 315 | saliva | *t(w)é` |
| 316 | salt | *gwáŋ` |
| 317 | satiated, be | *gÍÚd |
| 318 | scorn | *gwág |
| 319 | search for | *kíŋ |
| 320 | see | *yÉn |
| 321 | sell | *f’ìn |
| 322 | send | *túm |
| 323 | sew, shoot | *túm |
| 324 | sheep | *jÌ(e)l |
| 325 | short, be | *tÚm-(s)i |
| 325 | short, be | *gÚp |
| 327 | shoulder | *mbèk(-a?) |
| 328 | sing | *yòb |
| 328 | sing | *yím |
| 330 | sit | *cú(m)(r)i? |
| 331 | skin (n) | *gùb` |
| 332 | skin (v) | *yùb |
| 333 | sky | *bú(-li) |
| 334 | slave | *bùk |
| 334 | slave | *kwàn |
| 334 | slave | *kòt` |
| 337 | sleep (v) | *bÚni |
| 337 | sleep | *dé |
| 339 | small, be | *kép |
| 340 | smell (v) | *dÙm |
| 340 | smell (v) | *ɲúk(-i) |
| 342 | smoke | *lík` |
| 343 | snail | *tàk` |
| 344 | snake | *yól |
| 345 | song | *njàŋ` |
| 346 | sour, be | *cép |
| 347 | speak | *ɣàm |
| 348 | spear | *ɣòŋ` |
| 349 | spit | *tÚ |
| 350 | split | *bàt |
| 350 | split | *bàt |
| 351 | spoon | *dúk` |
| 352 | spread to dry | *sàŋ(-ti) |
| 353 | squeeze | *kám |
| 353 | squeeze | *mìn |
| 355 | stab | *sòb |
| 356 | stand | *tém-i |
| 357 | star | *sàŋ´ |
| 358 | steal | *yÍa-CV |
| 359 | sting | *tá |
| 360 | stone | *dùt/dùŋ |
| 361 | stone | *gòk |
| 362 | stone | *tí´ |
| 363 | stranger | *gèn` |
| 364 | strong, be | *tèn |
| 364 | strong | *táb |
| 366 | suck(le) | *ɲóŋ |
| 367 | suffice | *kùk |
| 368 | sun | *nÙm |
| 368 | sun | *cù`, *zu |
| 370 | surpass | *cà |
| 371 | swallow | *mÌ(l) |
| 372 | sweep | *yèt |
| 373 | sweet, be | *lÌm |
| 374 | tail | *kùn` |
| 374 | tail | *sáŋ` |
| 376 | taste | *yúk-i-(CV) |
| 377 | tell | *súŋ-i |
| 378 | termite | *ŋgók |
| 379 | thatch | *bín-li |
| 380 | thick, be | *gúk |
| 381 | thief | *cóŋ |
| 382 | thing | *ú(m)` |
| 383 | thing, matter | *nù` |
| 384 | thorn | *njóŋ` |
| 385 | throat | *tóŋ |
| 386 | throw | *màk |
| 387 | throw away | *gwák |
| 388 | thunder | *f’àŋ |
| 389 | tick | *kúp´ |
| 390 | tired, be | *bód-i |
| 390 | tired, be | *kán |
| 392 | tongue | *lím` |
| 393 | tooth | *sòŋ´ |
| 394 | touch | *kwág |
| 394 | touch | *mòm |
| 394 | touch | *kòm(-ti) |
| 397 | trap | *tám` |
| 398 | tree | *tí´ |
| 399 | urinate | *cè/cì+ |
| 400 | vegetable | *jàb´ |
| 401 | village | *bÍn´ |
| 401 | village | *lák` |
| 403 | voice | *gì(l)` |
| 405 | walk | *nìŋ |
| 406 | wander | *kád-CV |
| 406 | wander | *ɣán |
| 408 | want | *kòŋ |
| 409 | war | *bÌd´ |
| 409 | war | *cò |
| 411 | wash | *sùg |
| 412 | water | *LÍb |
| 412 | water | *kÌ´ |
| 412 | water | *mò´ |
| 415 | weave | *bák |
| 416 | white, be | *fÚp |
| 417 | wind | *fùfùad |
| 418 | wine | *dùk` |
| 419 | wing | *bàb`-li |
| 420 | woman | *g(w)é´ |
| 421 | work (n/v) | *fàk |
| 422 | write | *ŋwàk |
| 423 | xylophone | *njáŋ´ |
| 424 | yam | *yúk` |
| 425 | yam (yellow) | *Lèk´ |
| 426 | yam (hairy) | *Lúŋ` |
| 427 | yawn | *yát-i |
| 428 | year | *gùk |
| 429 | one | *mòk´ |
| 430 | two | *(í-)bà(l)´ |
| 431 | three | *tád |
| 432 | four | *kÙa+ |
| 433 | five | *(í-)tàn |
| 434 | six | *túpú |
| 435 | seven | *sà´mbà(l)´ |
| 436 | eight | *f’ám´-(l?)i |
| 437 | nine | *bÙkV´ |
| 438 | ten | *gÚm` |
References edit
- Hyman, L.M. 1979. Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots. Ms. U.S.C.; CBOLD; accessed from Comparalex.