Appendix:Proto-Potou-Akanic reconstructions
The following reconstructions of Proto-Potou-Akanic is from Stewart (2004).[1]
Stewart (2004) edit
| Gloss | Proto-Potou-Akanic | Proto-Akanic | Akan |
|---|---|---|---|
| become burnt | *-pɪ́- | *-pɪ | -cɪ([w]) |
| boil, froth | *-pulu | *-fulu | huru |
| foam | *-pulu | *-fulu | huru |
| blow (with mouth) | *-pu | *-fu | hu [w] |
| quarrel | *-pãʊ̃ɪ̄ | *-fãʋ̃ɪ̃ | ɦãm |
| itchy | *-pīl̃ī | *-fĩl̃ĩ | h̃ĩnĩ |
| blow (nose) | *-pĩũĩ | *-fĩũĩ ̰ | ħĩm |
| where? | *-pĩ | *-fĩ | ħĩ |
| breathe; rest | -pʋ̃ʋ̃ʋ̃ | *-fʋ̃ʋ̃ʋ̃ | ħũm[-]ĩ |
| get caught in or between | *-pĩ | *-fĩ | ħĩ[ŋ] |
| war | *-ta | *-sa | ɔ-sa |
| draw (water) | *-taʋɪ | *-saʋɪ | saw |
| say | *-te | *-se | *-se |
| carry | *-tu | *-su | sʊ, -sʊ[-]a |
| tie up | *-tã | *-sã | sã |
| make by carving or cutting | *-tẽl̃ĩ | *-senĩ | seŋ |
| ground | *-tɪ | *-sɪ | a-sɪ |
| country | *-tɪ | *-sɪ | a-sa-sɪ |
| underneath | *-tɪ | *-sɪ | a-sɪ |
| father of someone other than the speaker | *-tɪ | *-sɪ | ɔ-sɪ |
| cough (n.) | *-kʷaʋɪ | *-waʋɪ | ɔ-waw |
| snail | *-kʷa | *-wa | ŋ-ŋʷa[w] |
| throw off, sweep away, bale out (water) | *-kʷɪʋɪ | *-hʷɪʋɪ | -ɕʷɪw |
| wild sugar-cane (a species of grass) | *-kʷɪlɪ | *-hʷɪlɪ | a-ɕʷɪr[-]ɪw |
| you (sg.) | *-kʷʊ | *-wʊ | -wʊ |
| dry up | *-kʷʊ | *-wʊ | -wʊ |
| die | *-kʷu | *-wu | wu |
| death | *-kʷu | *-wu | o-wu |
| take | *-ɓ̻a | *-pa | fa |
| stomach | *-ɓ̻u | *-pu | o-fu |
| bow | *-ɗ̻a | *-ta | ɛ-ta |
| spittle | *-ɗ̻a | *-ta | n-ta-su[2] |
| three | *-tã | *-sã | ɛ-sã |
| ear | *-tʊ̃ | *-sʊ̃ | a-sʊ̃ |
| ashes | *-tʊ̃ | *-sʊ̃ | n-sʊ̃ |
| send | *-tʊ̃ʊ̃ʊ̃ | *-sʊ̃ʊ̃ʊ̃ | -sʊ̃m[-]ã |
| forge | *-ɗ̣ʊ̃l̃ʊ̃ | *-tʊ̃l̃ʊ̃ | -tʊnʊ̃ |
| roast | *-ḍʊ̃ | *-tʊ̃ | -tʊ̃ |
| vein | *-ɗ̣ĩl̃ĩ | *-tĩl̃ĩ | n-tĩnĩ |
| headpad | *-ɠa | *-ka- | ka-hiri |
| kind of hawk | *-ɠɔlɪ | *-kɔlɪ | ɔ-kɔr[-]ɪ |
| growl (n.) | *-ɠolɪ | *-kɔlɪ | ŋ-kur[-]ɔm |
| neck | *-ɠɔ̃l̃ĩ | *-kɔnĩ | ɛ-kɔŋ |
| pass; surpass | *-ɠɪnɪ̃ | *-cɪnĩ | -sĩŋ |
| stump of tree | *-ginĩ | *-cinĩ | -sĩŋ |
| dawn (v.) | *-ɠĩ | *-kĩ | -cĩ |
| salt | *-ɠĩl̃ĩ | *-kĩl̃ĩ | ɲ-cĩnĩ |
| heart | *-ɠʊ̃l̃ʊ̃ | *-kʊ̃l̃ʊ̃ | -kʊ̃-mã |
| bend (tr.) | *-ɠʊ̃ʊ̃ʊ̃ | *-kʊ̃ʊ̃ʊ̃ | -kʊ̃m |
| shake | *-ɠɓ̣ʊ | *-kpʊ | -pʊ |
| scrape | *-ɠɓ̻ɔ̃ʋ̃ĩ | *-kpɔʋɪ | -pɔw |
| break off (tr.) | *-ɠɓ̻ɔ̃l̃ĩ | -kpɔnĩ | -pɔŋ[-]ø |
| hit | *-ɠɓ̻ĩ | *kpĩ | -pĩ[ŋ] |
| pull | *-bɔ̃ʋ̃ĩ | *-pɔʋɪ | -fɔw |
| become wet | *-bĩ | *-pĩ | e-fĩ |
| dirt | *-bũl̃ũ | *-pũl̃ũ | -fũnũ |
| dig up | *-da | *-ta | n-ta[m] |
| oath | *-dɔ | *-ta | n-ta[m] |
| rain; fall, incl. of rain | *-dɔ | *-tɔ | tɔ |
| bury | *-di | *-ci | -si[-]e |
| stop up | *-diʋi | *-ciʋi | siw |
| tie a know | *-di | *-ci | -si |
| pull | *-du | *-tu | tu |
| cloth | *-dãʋ̃ĩ | *-tãʋ̃ĩ | ɔ-tãm |
| become suspended | *-dɛ̃lĩ | *-cɛnĩ | -seŋ |
| top; sky | *-tʊlʊ | *-sʊlʊ | ɔ-sʊrʊ, -sʊ |
| elephant | *-tʊ̃l̃ʊ̃ | *-sʊ̃lʊ̃ | ɛ-sʊ̃nʊ̃ |
| water | *-ju | *-cu | n-su |
| abstain | *-gili | *-kili | -ciri |
| female genitals | *-gʷɛ | *-kʷɛ | ɛ-cʷɛ |
| life | *-gʷã | *-kʷã | ŋ-kʷã |
| pull | *-gʷĩ | *-kʷĩ | -cʷĩ |
| log, especially as bridge | *-gʷĩl̃ĩ | *-kʷĩl̃ĩ | ɛ-cʷĩnĩ |
| become cooked | *-ɓɪnɪ̃ | *-bɪnĩ | -bĩŋ |
| dirt, excrement | *-ɓinĩ | *-binĩ | e-bĩŋ |
| stone | *-ɓʊ | *-bʊ | ɔ-bʊ |
| hit | *-ɓʊlʊ | *-bʊlʊ | |
| clay for pottery | *-ɓʊ | *-bʊ | |
| break, snap (tr.) | *-ɓu | *-bu | -bu |
| me | *-mɪ̃ | *-mĩ | |
| swallow | *-mĩl̃ĩ | *-mĩl̃ĩ | |
| throat, gullet | *-mĩl̃ĩ | *-mĩl̃ĩ | -mĩnĩ |
| become full | *-mĩʋ̃ĩ | *-mĩʋ̃ĩ | -mĩm |
| you (pl.) | *-mʋ̃ | *-mʋ̃ | -mʋ̃ |
| madness | *-ɗa | *-da | da[m] |
| lie down | *-ɗa | *-da | -da |
| sleep | *-ɗa | *-da | -da |
| today | *-d̚ɛ | *-ɗɛ | n-nɛ |
| eat | *-dí | *-di | -di |
| heavy | -ɗulu | *-dulu | -duru |
| become extinguished, extinguish | *-ɗumũ | *-dumũ | dũm |
| four | -nã | *-nã | a-nã[ŋ] |
| defecate | -nĩ | *-nĩ | -nĩ |
| drink | -nʊ̃ | *-nʊ̃ | -nʊ[m] |
| mouth | *-nʊ̃ | *-nʊ̃ | a-nʊ̃ |
| mother of someone other than the speaker | *-nĩ | *-nĩ | o-nĩ |
| song | *-ʝemĩ | *-jomĩ | e-jʷom |
| name | *-ʝinĩ | *-jinĩ | e-jĩŋ |
| God | *-ɲɜ̃ʋ̃ĩ | *-ɲĩãʋ̃ĩ | -ɲⁱãm[-]ĩ |
| become pregnant | *-nĩʋ̃ĩ | *-ɲĩʋ̃ĩ | -ɲĩm (Fante) |
| eye | *-ɲĩ | *-ɲĩ | ɜ-nĩ |
| bathe | *-gʷialɪ | *-gʷⁱar[-]ɪ | |
| fall | *-gʷu | *-gʷu | -gu |
| become soft | *-gʷoli | *-gʷoli | -gur[-]ow |
| bear (child) | *-ɯʊ | *-ɯʊ | wʊ |
| honey | *-ŋʊ̃ | *-ɯ̃ʊ̃ | -wʊ |
| stick to | -ʋ̃ãʋ̃ĩ | *-ʋ̃ãʋ̃ĩ | -fãm |
| become starved | *-ʋ̃ãʋ̃ĩ | *-ʋ̃ãʋ̃ĩ | -fãm |
| follow | *-ʋ̃ã | *-ʋ̃ã | -fã (Fante) |
| become too difficult for | -*ʋ̃ĩʋ̃ĩ | *-ʋ̃ĩʋ̃ĩ | -fĩm |
| make a mistake | *-ʋ̃ʋ̃ʋ̃ʋ̃ | *-ʋ̃ʋ̃ʋ̃ʋ̃ | -fʋ̃m |
| abdomen | *-lã | *-lã | -ya- |
| look after (child) | *-lɛ̃lĩ | *-lɛnĩ. | -yɛŋ |
| watch | *-lɔ̃lĩ | *-lɔnĩ | -yʷɛŋ |
| weave | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | -ɲʷĩnĩ |
| bitterness | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | -ɲʷĩnĩ |
| cold | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | -ɲʷĩnĩ |
| shadow | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | o-ɲʷĩnĩ |
| become cold | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | *-lʋ̃lʋ̃ | -ɲʷĩnĩ |
| moon | *-ɯ̃ɛ̃lĩ | *-hɛnĩ | ɛ-ɕɛŋ |
| white | *-ɯ̃ɛ̃lĩ | *-hɛnĩ | -ɕɛŋ |
| chief | *-ɯ̃ĩlĩ | *-ħĩlĩ | ɔ-ħĩnĩ |
| body | *-ɯ̃ʊ̃ | *-ħʊ̃ | ɛ-ħʊ̃ |
| shut | *-ɯ̃ĩlĩ | *-ħĩl̃ĩ | -ħĩnĩ |
| open | *-ɯ̃ĩlĩ | *-ħĩlĩ | -ħĩ[-]ɛ̃ |
| snake | *-w̃ɔ̃ | *-wɔ | ɔ-wɔ |
| nose | *-w̃ĩlĩ | *-ħʷĩlĩ | ɛ-ħʷĩnĩ |
| hair | *-w̃ĩ | *-ħʷĩ | ŋ-ħʷĩ |