Appendix:Proto-Bantu Swadesh list
The following Proto-Bantu reconstructions are derived from the 100-word Swadesh list. Two versions are given, as quoted in Bastin (2019) and Schadeberg (2003) respectively. Both sources use BLR2 (Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 2) originally published in 1999.
Bostoen (2019)
editThe selected Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 2 (BLR2) reconstructions below are from Bastin, et al. (1999),[1] as quoted in Bostoen (2019).[2] 92 concepts, from the 100-word Swadesh list are given.
- Notes
| No. | |
|---|---|
| 0 | a previously proposed but rejected proto-form (731 items) |
| 1 | a well-established reconstruction having a Bantu-wide distribution and thus going back to PB (310 items) |
| 1a | a derived form whose root is a well-established PB reconstruction (514 items) |
| 1(a) | a derived form which can itself be reconstructed to PB (20 items) |
| 2/2a | a cluster of variable reconstructions which cover together the whole Bantu domain and have each a large distribution (17 items) |
| 3 | a well-established regional proto-form (593 items) |
| 3a | a derived form whose root is a well-established regional proto-form (519 items) |
| 4 | a problematic reconstruction (1243 items) |
| 5 | reconstructions corresponding to a comparative series whose attestations are few and/or spatially restricted (5397 items) |
| No. | Proto-Bantu | Gloss | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ncè | all | 1 |
| 2 | *bókò | arm; hand; front paw | 1 |
| 3 | *bú | soil, ashes: dust | 1 |
| 4 | bark | ||
| 5 | *dà | abdomen, intestines; [belly] | 1 |
| 5 | *bùmò | abdomen; pregnancy [belly] | 3 |
| 6 | *nénè | big | 1 |
| 7 | *jʊ̀nì | bird | 4 |
| 8 | *dʊ́m | bite | 1 |
| 9 | *jídʊ̀ | black | 1(a) |
| 10 | blood | ||
| 11 | *kúpà | bone | 1 |
| 12 | *béèdè | breast, udder | 4 |
| 13 | *pɪ́ | be burnt; be hot; becooked; be ripe; be red | 1 |
| 14 | cloud | ||
| 15 | *pépò | wind; cold | 1 |
| 15 | *pód | be cold, cool down; be quiet | 1 |
| 16 | *jìj | come | 1 |
| 17 | *kú | die | 1 |
| 18 | *bʊ́à | dog | 1 |
| 19 | *nyó | drink | 1 |
| 20 | *jʊ́m | be dry | 1 |
| 21 | *tʊ́ì | ear | 1 |
| 22 | *dɪ́ | eat | 1 |
| 23 | *gɪ́ | egg | 4 |
| 24 | *jícò | eye | 1 |
| 25 | *kútà | fat; oil | 1 |
| 26 | *cádá | feather | 3 |
| 27 | *pɪ́à | fire | 1(a) |
| 27 | *jótò | fire, fireplace | 1a |
| 28 | *cúɪ́ | fish | 4 |
| 29 | *gʊ̀dʊk | fly; run fast | 1 |
| 30 | *jíjad | be full | 1(a) |
| 30 | *jíjʊd | become full | 1(a) |
| 31 | *pá | give | 1 |
| 32 | good | ||
| 33 | *cɪ́ | ground; country; underneath | 1 |
| 34 | *búɪ̀ | white hair | 1 |
| 35 | *tʊ́è | head | 1 |
| 36 | *jígu | hear | 1 |
| 37 | *tɪ́mà | heart; liver | 1 |
| 38 | *jɪ́gá | horn | 4 |
| 39 | *bʊ́d | break, smash; kill | 1 |
| 40 | *dúɪ́ | knee | 4 |
| 41 | *jíjɪ | know | 1a |
| 41 | *jíjɪb | know | 1a |
| 42 | *jánì | leaf; grass | 4 |
| 43 | *gʊ̀dʊ̀ | leg; hind leg | 1 |
| 44 | *dáad | lie down, sleep; spend night | 1 |
| 45 | *tɪ́mà | heart; liver | 1 |
| 46 | *dàì | long | 4 |
| 47 | louse | ||
| 48 | *dʊ́mè | male; husband [man] | 1 |
| 49 | *jíngɪ́ | many | 4 |
| 50 | *nyàmà | animal; meat | 1 |
| 50 | *títʊ́ | animal, meat | 1a |
| 51 | *jédì | moon; month | 1(a) |
| 52 | mountain | ||
| 53 | *nʊ̀à | mouth; lip | 4 |
| 54 | *jádà | finger/toe-nail; claw | 4 |
| 55 | *jínà | name | 4 |
| 56 | *kòtì | (nape of) neck; occiput | 1 |
| 56 | *kíngó | neck; nape; voice | 1 |
| 57 | *pɪ́à | new | 4 |
| 58 | *tíkʊ̀ | night | 4 |
| 59 | *bòmbó | forehead; (bridge of) nose | 1 |
| 59 | *jʊ́dʊ̀ | nose, nostril | 4 |
| 60 | *mòì | one | 4 |
| 61 | *jɪ̀dà | path | 4 |
| 62 | *ntʊ̀ | person | 1 |
| 63 | *búdà | rain | 1 |
| 64 | *kʊ́dà | red colour/substance | 4 |
| 65 | *tínà | root, base of tree trunk; banana-tree | 1 |
| 65 | *dì | root, fibre | 1 |
| 66 | round | ||
| 67 | *céké | sand; grains; dregs; chaff | 4 |
| 67 | *cèngà | sand; sandy ground | 4 |
| 68 | *gàmb | speak; answer | 1 |
| 68 | *tɪ̀ | say; quote | 1 |
| 69 | *bón | see; find; acquire; undergo | 1 |
| 70 | *bʊ́tò | seed | 1a |
| 71 | *jìkad | dwell; be; sit; stay | 1 |
| 72 | *kóbá | skin; strap; girdle | 1 |
| 73 | *dáad | lie down, sleep | 1 |
| 74 | *kéè | little, small | 3 |
| 75 | *jíkì | smoke | 4 |
| 76 | *jɪ́m | stand; stop, intr. | 4 |
| 77 | star | ||
| 78 | *bʊ̀è | stone | 1 |
| 78 | *tádè | stone | 1 |
| 79 | *jʊ́bà | sun | 4 |
| 80 | *jóg | bathe; wash; swim | 4 |
| 82 | *dɪ́mì | tongue; language; flame | 1 |
| 83 | *jínò | tooth | 1 |
| 83 | *gègò | molar tooth; tooth | 1 |
| 84 | *tɪ́ | tree; stick | 1 |
| 85 | *bɪ̀dɪ́ | two | 4 |
| 85 | *bàdɪ́ | two | 2 |
| 86 | *gènd | walk; travel; go (away) | 1 |
| 87 | warm (weather) | ||
| 88 | *jíjɪ̀ | water | 1 |
| 89 | *í | what ? | 4 |
| 90 | white | ||
| 91 | who? | ||
| 92 | *kádí | woman, wife | |
| 93 | *gɪ̀ | go | 1 |
Other well-established Proto-Bantu forms (coded 1 or 1(a) in BLR2) that are on the Swadesh 200-word list and/or the Leipzig-Jakarta list:
| Proto-Bantu | Gloss |
|---|---|
| bá | dwell, be, become [live] |
| bàd | count |
| bɪ́ɪ̀ | bad |
| bímb | swell |
| bɪ̀ng | chase; chase away; go after [hunt] |
| bòd | be rotten |
| cèk | laugh; joke |
| cèng | cut spp. |
| cìngʊ | rub, smear |
| dèm | be heavy; be honoured |
| dìbà | pool, pond; deep water; well [lake] |
| dɪ̀d | weep; shout; wail |
| dɪ̀mb | trap by birdlime; stick to (something), intr; be firm, intr., [hunt] |
| díng | turn round, tr. intr.; wind round, wrap up |
| dʊ̀ | fight |
| dʊ̀d | be bitter; be sharp |
| dʊ́k | vomit |
| dùmb | smell intr |
| dʊ̀ng | join by tying |
| dʊ̀ng | be straight, right; put straight, right; be fitting; adjust |
| dùt | pull |
| gàdʊk | turn, intr.; go back; come back |
| gàng | tie up |
| gɪ̀d | act, do; say; have |
| gʊ̀ | fall |
| gʊ̀ndà | forest, garden, luxuriant vegetation |
| jákà | year; cultivation season; harvest |
| jánà | child |
| ját | split, tr.; separate |
| jícɪ̀ | day, daytime |
| jíjɪ̀ | river; waterhole |
| jɪ̀mb | sing; dance |
| jókà | snake; intestinal worm |
| kád | be bitter; be sour; be sharp; be fierce |
| kám | squeeze; wring |
| kèd | cut |
| kɪ́n | dance; play; gambol |
| kóm | hit with hammer; beat; kill |
| kʊ̀d | pull |
| kʊ́dʊ́ | adult; important person; master; elder brother (sister); old |
| kʊ́nì | firewood |
| pád | scrape, scratch |
| pèep | blow (as wind); winnow; smoke; breathe |
| pèèpè | wind |
| píc | hide; cover |
| pìn | press, squeeze (especially with the fingers) |
| píp | suck; extract juice |
| pùk | dig up, fling up (earth) |
| tá | throw away; throw; lose; put; trap; play game; do |
| tààtá | father, my father |
| táì | spittle |
| tákò | buttock, rear part; back |
| tɪ́ | fear |
| tím | dig |
| tɪ́n | cut |
| tínd | push, push back |
| títʊ́ | forest, thicket |
| tó | stamp; pound; bite [grind, crush] |
| tú | spit; fix the price |
| tʊ́ád | carry on the head; carry; bring; carry away; be chief; include |
| túm | stab |
| túm | sew, plait |
| tʊ́ng | put through; thread on string; plait; sew; tie up; build; close (in) |
Schadeberg (2003)
editThe following list of Proto-Bantu reconstructions is listed in Schadeberg (2003: 160-163).[3] The reconstructions themselves are from BLR2 (Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 2).[4] Distribution notes, provided in Schadeberg (2003), are sourced from Bastin, Coupez and Mann (1999).[5]
- Notes
- In the Parts of speech column, noun class categories are provided.
- In the Distribution column, Guthrie zone letters A-S are given. Lower case zones denote unexplained phonological or morphological deviations. Dashes denote lack of reflexes.
| Gloss | Gloss notes | Proto-Bantu | Part of speech | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | *=nce | (PPx-o-) | ABCDEFGHJKLMnpRS | |
| arm | *kʊ=bóko | N 15/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–RS | |
| ashes | *mʊ=tó (=tói ?) | N 3 (14) | ABcD–––H–KLMnprs | |
| ashes | dust, soil, ashes | *i=bú | N 5 (3, 6) | A–CDEFG–JKLM–PRS |
| bark (skin) | *i=gʊla | N 5 | ––c––F–HjKL––––– | |
| bark (skin) | *kɪ=kʊ́kʊ́ | N 7 | ––CD––––j–LM–––– | |
| bark (skin) | *lʊ=pʊ́ | N 11 | ––CD––––J–LM–––– | |
| belly | *i=bumo | N 5 | AB–––––H–KLM––R– | |
| belly | *i=tʊmbo | N 5 | ––––E–G–––––NP–S | |
| big | *=néne | Adj. | ABCDE–GHJKLM––R– | |
| big | *=néne-p-a | V | ––––E–GHJ–––NP–– | |
| big | *=nén-a | V | ABC––––––––––––– | |
| bird | *ka=jʊni | N 12/13 (9/10) | ABcDeFGHJKlMNP–S | |
| bite | *=lʊ́m-a | V | ABC–EFG–J––MNPRS | |
| black | *=jíl-a | V | ABCDEFgHJKLMNprs | |
| black | *=jíl-ʊ | Adj. | ABCDEFGHJK––N––– | |
| black | *pi | Ideo., Adj. | ––C––FG––––––––S | |
| black | *i=piipí | N 5 | –B–––F––JKLMnP–S | |
| blood | *ma=gilá | N 6 | ABCD–––H–KL––––– | |
| blood | < avoid | *=gil-a | V | A–C–EFGHJKLMN–RS |
| blood | *ma=gadí | N 6 | –––deF–––––MNP–S | |
| blood | < oil palm, palm oil | *=gadí | N 9, 6 | –BC––––HJKLM––R– |
| blood | *mʊ=lopa | N 3 | –––D––G––KLMN––S | |
| blood | *ma=ɲínga | N 6 | –b––EF–HJKL––––– | |
| bone | *i=kúpa | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| breasts | *ma=béele | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| burn, be hot | *=lʊng-ʊl-a | V | ––C–EFGHJKLMNpRS | |
| burn, be hot | *=pɪ́ -a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| cloud | *i=lʊnde | N 5/6 | –––––FG–––––NPR– | |
| cold | *mʊ=didi | N 3 | –BC––––H––––N––– | |
| cold | *=didim-a | V | ––C–EFGH–––MN–RS | |
| cold | cool | *=pól-a | V | ABcDEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| come | *=jij-a | V | ABC–EFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| die | *=kú-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| dog | *mbʊ́a | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| drink | *=nyó-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| dry | *=jʊ́m-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S | |
| dry | *=jʊ́m-u | Adj. | –B–––F––JKL–NP–– | |
| ear | *kʊ=tʊ́i | N 15/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR– | |
| eat | *=lɪ́ -a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| egg | *i=gɪ́ | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGhJKLMnPRS | |
| eye | *i=jíco | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| fat | *ma=kúta | N 6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S | |
| feather | *lʊ=cála | N 11 (5/6) | ABCD–––HJKL–––R– | |
| fire | *mʊ=jóto | N 3/4 | –BC–EFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| fire | < warm oneself | *=jót-a | V | ABCdEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| fire | (< burn; v.s.) | *tʊ=pɪ́ -a | N 13 | A–CDE–––JKLMnprS |
| fire | *tʊ=jíja | N 13 | A–CD–––H–KL––––– | |
| fire | *mʊ=lɪlo | N 3/4 | ––––E–––J–LMN–RS | |
| fish | *ncúɪ | N 9/10 | ABCDE–GHjKLM––R– | |
| flea | *ndá | N 9/10 | ab–DEF––J––MN–rS | |
| fly | *=gʊl-ʊk-a | V | A––DE–G–J–LMNP–– | |
| full | *=jíjal-a | V | ABCDEfGHjKLmNPRS | |
| give | *=pá-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| go | *=gɪ-a | V | ABCDEF–HJKLMNPRS | |
| good | *=jijá | Adj. | ––––EF–HJ–L––––– | |
| ground; (below) | *(pa-)ncɪ́ | N (16+) 9 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| hair | *=cíti (LL?) | N (class?) | A–––––––J–LMN–RS | |
| hair | *lʊ=cʊkɪ́ | N 11/10 | ABC––––HjKL–––R– | |
| hair | *lʊ=jʊɪ́lɪ́ (ɪ ~ e) | N 11/10 | –––DEFG–J–lM–––– | |
| head | *mʊ=tʊe | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR- | |
| hear | *=jígu-a | V | ––c––FGHjKLMNPRS | |
| heart | (> liver) | *mʊ=tɪ́ma | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR– |
| horn | *lʊ=pémbé | N 9/10 | ––CDEFG–J––MN––– | |
| horn | (object made from horn) | *mʊ=céngo | N 3/4 | –––D–––HJKLMNP–– |
| kill | *=bʊ́l(-ag)-a | V | ABCDEFGH–KL––PRS | |
| kill | *=jíp(-ag)-a | V | a–cDeF–h–KLMNPrS | |
| knee | *i=dúɪ́ (HL?) | N 5/6 | A–CDEFG–JKlM–––S | |
| knee | *i=bóngó | N 5/6 | ABCDE––H––L––––– | |
| know | *=jíjɪ(b-a) | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–RS | |
| know | *=many-a | V | AbCDEFG–J–LMNP–– | |
| leaf | *i=jáni (tone?) | N 5/6 | ABCDE–G–JKLMN––S | |
| leg | *kʊ=gʊlʊ | N 15/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–R– | |
| lie, sleep | *=lá-al-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNpRS | |
| liver (see also heart) | *=balɪ | N (class ?) | ABC––––––K–––––– | |
| long, far, long ago | *=lai | Adj. | –BCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| long, far, long ago | *=lai-p-a | V | A–––EFGHJKLM–pRS | |
| man, husband | (< ‘bite’, v.s.) | *mʊ=lʊ́me | N 1/2; Adj. | ABCDE-GHJKLMNPRS |
| many | *=jíngɪ́ | Adj. | aBcDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| meat, animal | *ɲama | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| moon | (< ‘white’, v.i.) | *kʊ=jédi | N 15/6, 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| mountain, hill | *lʊ=gʊlʊ | N 11/10 | –B–D–F––J–L–––R– | |
| mountain, hill | < top, sky | *i=gʊlʊ (~ LH) | N 5 | ABC–EFGHJKLMNPRS |
| mouth | *ka=nʊa | N 12 | aBCDE–gHJKLMnpRS | |
| mouth | lip, mouth | *mʊ=lomo | N 3/4 | ––CDEFG–JKLMN––S |
| nail | *lʊ=jála | N 11/10 | ABCDEfGHJKLMnpRS | |
| name | *i=jína | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| neck | *nkíngó | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| neck | nape | *nkoti | N 9/10 | ABCDE–GHJKLMNPRS |
| new | (< ‘burn’, v.s.) | *=pɪ́-a (HH?) | Adj. | –––DEFG–JKLMN––S |
| night, 24 hour period | *bʊ=tíkʊ (í ~ ú) | N 14 | AbCDEFGhJKlMNpRS | |
| nose | *i=jʊ́lʊ | N 5/6 | ABCDEF–HJKL–––R– | |
| one | *=moi | Num. | ABCDEFGhJKLMnpRS | |
| path | *njɪla (LH?) | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| person | *mʊ=ntʊ | N 1/2 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| rain | *mbúlá | N 9/10 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| red (substance) | *nkʊ́la | N 9 | ABCd–––HJKLM–––– | |
| red (substance) | red soil | *nkʊ́ndʊ́ | N 9 | a–C–E–G––K–––pR– |
| red (substance) | *=tɪl-a (tone?) | V | –BCD–––H–KL–––R– | |
| root, fibre | *mʊ=di | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMN–RS | |
| round (be, make) | *=bʊ́lʊng-a | V | ––C–––GhJ–LMN–rS | |
| round (be, make) | make round and smooth | *=kʊ́lʊng-a | V | ––C–––G–J––MN–RS |
| sand | *mʊ=céké | N 3 | AbCD–––HJKLMN–RS | |
| sand | *i=cenga (e ~ a) | N 3 | aBCDeFgHJKLMNprs | |
| say, quote | *=tɪ | V | ––C–E–GHJ––MNPRS | |
| say, quote | do, say | *=gɪl-a | V | ABCD––––JK–M–P–S |
| say, quote | speak, answer | *=gamb-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S |
| see | *=bón-á (b ~ m) | V | –BCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| seed | *mbʊ́t-o | N 10 | –BCD–––HJKLMN–R– | |
| sit | *=jikal-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| skin, strap, cloth | *=kánda | N 3/4, … | ABc–EFGHJKLMNPrS | |
| skin, strap, cloth | skin, strap, bark | *mʊ=kóbá | N 3/4, … | ABCDEFG–JKLMnpRs |
| skin, strap, cloth | skin, cloth | *ngʊ́bo | N 9/10 | A––dEfGH–kLMNP–S |
| sleep | *tʊ=ló | N 13 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNpRs | |
| small | *=(kée)kée | Adj. | –BCD––GHJ–LM–P–– | |
| small | *=kée-p-a | V | –––D–FG–JKLMN––S | |
| smoke | *mʊ=jíki (í ~ ó) | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| stand | *=jɪ́m(-al)-a | V | AbCDeFG–JKLMNp–S | |
| star | *nyénye(dí) | N 9/10 | –B––E–gHJ–LMN––S | |
| stone | *i=bʊe | N 5/6 | ––CDEFG–JKLMNPRS | |
| stone | stone, iron ore | *i=tále | N 5/6 | ABCD–F–HJKLMNPRS |
| sun | *i=jʊ́ba | N 5 | ABcDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| swim, bathe | *=jóg-a | V | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPR– | |
| tail | *mʊ=kɪ́la | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| tongue | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | N 11/10 | ABcDEfGHJKLMNPRS | |
| tooth | *i=jíno | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNP–S | |
| tooth | molar | *i=gego | N 5/6 | ABC–EFG–jKL––PRS |
| tree | *mʊ=tɪ́ | N 3/4 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| two | *=balɪ́ (a ~ ɪ) | Num. | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS | |
| walk | *=gend-a | V | ABC–EFGhJKLMNPrS | |
| warm, hot | (< ‘burn’, v.s.) | *=pɪ́ -ʊ | Adj. | ––––EFG–j–LMNPR– |
| water | *ma=jíjɪ | N 6 | AbCDEFGHJKLMNprS | |
| water | water, pool | *i=diba (HH?) | N 5/6 | ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRS |
| what | *kı=í | N 7 | ––CDEFGHJ–LMN––– | |
| what | where, which | *pa=í | N 16 | A–––––––JKL–––RS |
| white, bright | *=jél-a | V | –BCD–FG–J–L–N–RS | |
| white, bright | *=jél-ʊ | Adj. | ––CDEFGHJ––M–––– | |
| white, bright | *=jél-ʊ | Adj. | ––CDEFGHJ––M–––– | |
| who | *n(d)ai (tone?) | Inv. | ––C–––G–J––––––– | |
| woman, wife | *mʊ=kádí | N 1/2 | ABCDefgHJKLMNprS |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bastin, Y., A. Coupez & M. Mann (1999). Continuity and Divergence in the Bantu Languages: Perspectives from a Lexicostatistic Study. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa.
- ^ Bostoen, Koen (2019). Reconstructing Proto-Bantu. In Mark Van de Velde, Koen Bostoen, Derek Nurse, and Gérard Philippson (eds). The Bantu languages (2nd ed.), 308-334. New York: Routledge. →ISBN. (First edition published by Routledge in 2004.)
- ^ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2003. Historical linguistics. In Derek Nurse and Gérard Philippson (eds.), The Bantu languages. (Routledge language family series 4. New York: Routledge. →ISBN
- ^ Coupez, A., Bastin, Y. and Mumba, E. (1998) Reconstruction lexicales bantoues 2/Bantu lexical reconstructions 2. (Computerized data base. Download from: http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD .)
- ^ Bastin, Y., Coupez, A. and Mann, M. (1999) Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages: perspectives from a lexicostatistic study, Tervuren: MRAC.
External links
edit
- "Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3". Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren. Searchable database of reconstructed Proto-Bantu words.