Appendix:Proto-Heiban reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Heiban reconstructions is from Schadeberg (1981: 153-184).
All reconstructed roots are Proto-Heiban roots unless otherwise indicated in the branch column by:
- E: Proto-East Heiban
- WC: Proto-West-Central Heiban
- W: Proto-West Heiban
- C: Proto-Central Heiban
List edit
| gloss | root | prefix | branch | reconstruction uncertainties | cf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| air, breath | *-uwa | Ø- | C | ||
| all | *bed̪ | WC | (?) | ||
| animal | *-oola | WC | |||
| arm | *-La | ʔ-/j- | E | ||
| ashes | *-wun | (?) | |||
| ashes | *-aaro | j- | C | ||
| back | *-ʊʊɽo | WC | |||
| bad | *-gge | ||||
| bark | *-iyaw | g-/j- | |||
| belly | *-aare | g-/n- | |||
| big | *-(U)ɽa | W | |||
| big, thick | *-bba | C | |||
| bird | *-ɽwa | ŋ-/ɲ- | vowels? | ||
| bite | cf. eat, bite | ||||
| black | *-uŋuna | ||||
| blood | *-win | ŋ- | |||
| blow | *-bud̪- | WC | y or d̪ ? | ||
| bone | *-uya | li-/ŋu- | WC | ||
| bone | *-uɲ | ʔ-/j- | E | ||
| breast | *-eed̪u | g-/j- | |||
| breathe | *-awud̪- | W | |||
| brother, sister | *-(m)ang | Ø-/li- | |||
| burn | *-UUd- | WC | |||
| child | *-aare | ŋ-/ɲ- | WC | ||
| children | *-ileeŋa | g- | C | ||
| claw, nail | *-maɽ | WC | (?) | ||
| clothing | *-ered̪ | g-/j- | WC | d̪ ? | |
| cloud | *-ebeɽu | WC | |||
| cold | *-moolo | WC | vowels? | ||
| come | *-IIL- | ||||
| cook | *-maan- | WC | |||
| count | *-d̪uuɽ- | C | |||
| cut | *-uuɽ- | C | |||
| dance, play | *-rid̪d̪- | WC | |||
| day | cf. finger; sun | ||||
| die | *-ay- | ||||
| dig | *-gur- | (r?) | |||
| dirt | *-irled̪ | ŋ- | C (H?) | ||
| dog | *-iin | ŋ-/ɲ- | |||
| drink, eat | *-iy- | ||||
| dry | *-unDo | WC | |||
| dry | *-uɲ | E | |||
| ear, leaf | *-aani | g-/n- | |||
| earth | *-ur- | (?) | |||
| earth | *-uud̪o | D- | W | ||
| earth | *-iyaŋ(u) | gu- | C | ||
| eat, bite | *-id̪d̪- | C | |||
| egg | *-eɲa | li-/ŋu- | |||
| elephant | *-oŋor | d-/j- | o or U? | ||
| eye | *ay | g-/j- | |||
| fall | *-iid̪- | WC | |||
| far | cf. long | ||||
| fat | *-eeLa | ŋ- | |||
| fear (v.) | *-DIIɲ- | WC | |||
| feather | *-()l()ŋ() | (?) | |||
| feather | *-bɽa | g-/n- | W | ||
| feather | *-ɽwal | g-/j- | C | ||
| few | cf. small | ||||
| fight | cf. hit | ||||
| finger | *-aamin | li-/ɲ- | |||
| nail, claw | *-VmVn | g-/j- | |||
| fire | *-iiga | Ø- | |||
| fish | *-Um | gu-/li- | |||
| flower | *-biraŋ | (?) | |||
| fly (v.) | *-brl- | (E)H | (?) | ||
| fly (v.) | *-diɽ- | C | |||
| foot | cf. leg | ||||
| full, many | *-oɲa | WC | |||
| gazelle (?) | *-aaral | ||||
| gazelle (?) | *-d̪e | gu-/li- | WC | ||
| give (imperative) | *-(n)d̪- | ||||
| give (imperative) | *naaji | W | n or ŋ ? | ||
| go (imperative) | *-nd̪- | ||||
| go (imperative) | *(m)bU | W | |||
| good | *-ŋir | WC | |||
| good | *-ɛɛɽa | E | |||
| grass | *-aaro | g- | r or ɽ ? | ||
| green, wet | *-iigla | C | |||
| guts | *-u | j- | |||
| hair | *-eeɽu | ||||
| hand | *-irge(d̪) | g-/j-; g-/n- | WC | ||
| hand, arm | *-oi | D-/d- | (?) | ||
| head | *-ɽa | li-/ŋu- | |||
| hear | *-n- | (?) | |||
| hear | *-dIŋ- | C | d or l ? | ||
| heart | *-ugor | D-/d- | |||
| heavy | *-ni | ||||
| hit | *-bid̪- | ||||
| hoe (v.) | *-rand̪- | r or ɽ ? | |||
| hole | *-bugul | li-/ŋw- | C | ||
| horn | *-il | D-/d- | |||
| house | *-dUn | C | d or d̪ ? | ||
| hunt (n.) | *-IIna | g- | C | ||
| husband | cf. man, husband | ||||
| kill | *-ɽiɲ- | ||||
| knee | *-rgo | ||||
| knife | *-blaala | ||||
| knife | *-and̪a | g-/?- | C | nD or nd ? | |
| know | *-Liŋ- | ||||
| lake | *-d̪ɔ | WC | |||
| laughter | *-Um(m)a | j- | (W)C | ||
| leaf | cf. ear | ||||
| left (side) | *-awur | ||||
| leg, foot | *-mani | D-/d- | |||
| lie, sleep | *-ndr- | ||||
| light (not heavy) | *-awria | ||||
| live (be alive) | *-mII- | ||||
| liver | *-awe | ||||
| locust | *-ama | d-/j- | |||
| long, far | *-oola | l or L ? | |||
| man, male | *-oŋor | ||||
| man, husband | *-ur | gu-/li- | WC | ||
| many | *-uDDun | ||||
| meat | *-id̪I | j- | |||
| moon, month | *-awa | ||||
| mother | *-laaɲ | (?) | |||
| mother | *-na(na), *Ø-/Ø- -ŋa | WC | |||
| mountain | *-ayin | WC | |||
| mouth | *-uuɲu | vowels? | |||
| nail | cf. claw; finger | ||||
| name | *-iriɲ | j- | |||
| narrow | *-muma... | (?) | |||
| near | cf. short | ||||
| neck | *-d̪am | gu-/li- | vowel? | ||
| new | *-iyaŋ | ||||
| night | *-lUŋgi | g- | (?) | ||
| nose | *-ad̪alo | g-/j-; g-/n- | vowels? | ||
| old (not new) | *-ooɽan | ||||
| old person | *-aberu | g-/j- | C | r or ɽ ? | |
| person | cf. woman, person | ||||
| play | cf. dance | ||||
| rain | *-aw | g- | |||
| red | *-UUre | ||||
| right (side) | *-iŋer | C | vowels? | ||
| river | *-oe | ||||
| river(bed) | *-bard̪a | WC | first vowel? | ||
| road | *-ad̪ | D-/d- | WC | ||
| root | *-ua | D-/d- | |||
| rope | *-ar | D-/j- | (?) | ||
| rough (?) | *-gordogordo | d/d̪ or g prefix ? | |||
| rough (?) | *-waayo | WC | |||
| round | cf. turn | ||||
| rub | *-miɽi() | final C ? | |||
| salt | *-mud̪a | Ø- | loanword? | ||
| sand | *-ewe | D- | W | ||
| sand | *-amur | Ø- | C | r or ɽ ? | |
| say | *-aar- | ||||
| scratch | *-ŋaaŋ-(in-) | ||||
| see | *-non- | W | |||
| see | *-iy- | E | |||
| seed | *-UUla | li-/ŋu- | |||
| sew | *-wad̪d̪- | ||||
| shoot | cf. throw | ||||
| short | *-abla | ||||
| sing | *-aliŋ- | WC | |||
| sister | cf. brother | ||||
| sit | *-j- | C | |||
| skin | *-irna | g-/j- | WC | ||
| skin | *-cu | li-/ŋu- | E | ||
| sleep | cf. lie | ||||
| small, few | *-ddi | WC | |||
| small | *-(ɲ)aliŋ | E | |||
| smoke | *-ulu | g- | |||
| smooth | *-omri- | (?) | |||
| smooth | *-madid̪i | WC | (?) | ||
| snake | *-uŋa | d-/j- | |||
| speak | *-looɽ- | W | |||
| speak | *-um(a)- | C | |||
| spear | *-IIri | ŋ-/ɲ- | |||
| spit | *-oɲ- | ||||
| split | *-(u)nd- | WC | |||
| squeeze | *-andij- | WC | |||
| stab | *-d̪oog- | C | |||
| stand | *-d̪ur- | W | |||
| stand | *-d̪un- | C | |||
| star | *-UDam | li-/ŋu- | |||
| stick | *-o | (?) | |||
| stick | *-awɽa | li-/ŋu- | WC | ɽ or r ? | |
| stone | *-al | g-/n- | |||
| sun | *-aŋin | Ø- | |||
| swell | *-imm- | ||||
| tail | *-ia | D-/d- | |||
| take | *-abb- | WC | |||
| thick | |||||
| thin | *-dra | C | |||
| thorn | *-ugi | d-/j- | |||
| throw, shoot | *-aw- | ||||
| tie | *-gagg- | ||||
| tongue | *-ŋela; *-iŋla ? | D-/d- | |||
| tooth | *-ŋad̪ | li-/j- | |||
| tree | *-aaɽe | gu-/j- | WC | ||
| turn | *-warl- | C | |||
| vomit | *-wey- | WC | |||
| walk | *-eel- | WC | |||
| warm | *-buud̪u | WC | |||
| warm | *-uuju | E | |||
| wash | *-way- | ||||
| water | *-aw | ŋ- | |||
| waterhole | *-bu(ŋ) | li-/ŋw- | WC | ||
| wet | cf. green | ||||
| what? | *-aɲa | ||||
| when? | *-nd̪oŋ | ||||
| white | *-biid̪o | WC | |||
| white | *-eeɽa | E | ɽ or r ? | ||
| who? | *ejo | WC | |||
| wide | *-awra | ||||
| wife | cf. woman, wife | ||||
| wind | *-urun | ||||
| wing | *-ibo | g-/n- | |||
| wipe | *-bird̪- | ||||
| woman, person (?) | *-iji | gw-/li- | |||
| woman, wife | *-a(u) | gw-/li- | WC | ||
| work | *-arr- | ||||
| worm | *-ɔnd̪ɔ | gu-/li- | |||
| year | *-d̪iLa | g-/j- | |||
| one | *-ad̪d̪e | ||||
| three | *-ɽijin | W | |||
| three | *d̪-eɽil | C | |||
| four | *gu-aɽŋo | ||||
| five | *d̪-ud̪ine | ||||
| six | *ɲ-d-ɛɽil | C | (?) | cf. three | |
| eight | *-uuba(ŋ) | WC | |||
| ten | *d-ui | (?) | |||
| 1sg | *ɲi | ||||
| 2sg | *ŋa | ||||
| 3sg | *ŋu | WC | |||
| 1pl.incl | *-r(i)- | ||||
| 1pl.excl | *-n(a)- | ||||
| 2pl | *-ɲ(a)- | ||||
| 1sg (enclitic poss.) | *-ari | ||||
| 2sg (enclitic poss.) | *-alo | ||||
| 3sg (enclitic poss.) | *-en | ||||
| my | *-iɲi | ||||
| your | *-aŋa | ||||
| his/her | *-uŋun |
References edit
- Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. A Survey of Kordofanian. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.