Appendix:Proto-Ukaan reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Ukaan reconstructions is from Abiodun (1999).
List edit
| Gloss | Proto-Ukaan |
|---|---|
| head | *ìʃũmṽ |
| hair | *èwùrV |
| eye | *ìdʒì |
| ear | *ʊrʊgV |
| nose | *ɔ̀kɔ̃́rɔ̃̀ |
| mouth | *òŋʷṍ |
| tooth | *ʊ̀ɲʊ̀gV |
| tongue | *ɛ̀ɲʊ̃́ |
| neck | *ʊ̀dgɔ̀gV |
| breast | *ìŋʷã̀hĩ̀ |
| stomach | *ɪmɪ̃ |
| belly | *àwɔ̀rV |
| navel | *òkpódù |
| back | *àtĩ̀ |
| hand | *ʊ̀wɔ́ |
| palm | *ìtánṽ |
| fingernail | *ɪɲʊ̃́ |
| buttocks | *àpkʷàg |
| penis | *ìtʃrV |
| vagina | *ɛ̀fɔ́tV; ìlàgV |
| thigh | |
| leg | *ʊ̀wɛ́hɪ́ |
| knee | *ɪ́hʊ̃́rʊ̀mṽ |
| body | *ìrí |
| skin, shoe | *ɛ̀ɣʷɛ́ |
| bone | *òɣʷó |
| blood | *ùɲṹ |
| saliva | *àdɔ̀rʊ̃́ |
| urine | *ùɲẽ́nĩ́ |
| feces | *àɲĩ́ |
| food | *ʊ̀jágṽ |
| water | *ùmɔ̃̀ |
| soup | *ɔ̀rʷɔ́ŋṽ |
| meat | *ɛ̀nɔ̃́mṽ |
| fat (of animal) | *àɲɔ̃́mṽ |
| oil | *ùbíCV |
| fish | |
| salt | *ʊ̀káɣʷĩ́ |
| wine | |
| palm wine | *ùɲã̌gV |
| yam | *ɪ̀jʊ́ |
| cassava | *ʊ̀gʊ́fɛ̀ |
| guinea corn | *èrĩ̀mʊ̃́ |
| beans | *àʃʊ̀ |
| pepper | |
| okra | *ìjɔ̀gɔ́ |
| orange | *ə̀dhèmĩ́ |
| tobacco | *ìtábà |
| cotton | *odhʷúdhú |
| oil palm | *òwódhV |
| seed | *ìdzó |
| grass | *èfṹ |
| tree | *ɔ̀hʊ̃́nṽ |
| leaf | *ʊ̀fã́nṽ |
| bark (tree) | *ìkɔ́ |
| root | *òjímṽ |
| thorn | *ùgṹ |
| cane | |
| charcoal | *àbʊ̀bʊ̀ |
| fire | *ìɲã́ |
| smoke | *èrìdhv |
| ashes | *èhṹhṹ |
| pot | *èkèdhè |
| calabash | *òkʷó |
| grinding stone | *ʊ̀kɔ́gV |
| mortar | *ìdzòhò |
| knife | *ɛ̀wájʊ́ |
| hoe | *ɔ̀kpã́nṽ |
| axe | |
| cutlass | *ùgódhó |
| machete | *àbàrV |
| spear | *ùkánṽ |
| arrow/bow | *tʃʊ̃̀nʊ̃́ |
| mat | *ɔ̀ʃɛ̃́nṽ |
| iron | *ùkùdhV |
| rope | *ùkṹ |
| robe/gown | *àwʊ̀ |
| cap | *èfó |
| hat | *ɛ̀ɣʷɛ̃́n |
| money | *ìɣʷè |
| door | *ɔ́kɔ́ |
| wall | *ɔ̀káɲĩ́ |
| town | *ìkə̀dʒV |
| road | *ɔ̀rdhɛ̀hʊ̀ |
| rubbish heap | |
| bush | *àɣʷɔ́gá |
| river | *ùmʊ̃́ |
| stone | *ògbòdhó |
| mountain | *àkʷàràgV |
| a variety of stone | *èkʷóCònũ̀ |
| rock | *òdzòdzV |
| ground | |
| dust | *òtùtùgV |
| sand | *ɔ̀ʃɛ̃̀n |
| mud | *ìtɔ̃̀tɔ̃̀ŋṽ |
| wind | *òjù |
| rain | *ɛ̀rũ̀ |
| sun | *ɛ̀wìʃV |
| moon | *òdzó |
| star | *àʃʊ̃́ʃʊ̃́gV |
| night | *àdhàhʊ́ |
| dawn | *ìjòhú |
| evening | *èkènèrú |
| darkness | *òɲṍdí |
| sleep (n) | *ùmɔ̃́rV |
| work (n) | *òrṹhũ̀ |
| war | *ìhṹmṽ |
| hunger | *ɛ̀mʊ̃́ |
| year | *ìwágV |
| raining season | *ɔ̀dhɔ̀gV |
| song | *ʊŋmʊ̃̀ |
| story | *ùnə̀ |
| lies | *àtʊ̀mṽ |
| something | *ʊ̀fì |
| goat | *ɛ̀wí |
| he-goat | *ɛ̀fĩ́ |
| chicken | *ɛ̀kɔ̀kɔ̀ |
| egg | *ìʃɛ̃̀nṽ |
| horn (of animal) | *ìkɔ̀nṽ |
| tail | *òdhùmṽ |
| sheep | *ɛ̀ràjágʊ̃́ |
| cow | *ɛ̀nã́ |
| bush cat | *èghímõ̀ |
| tortoise (type) | *ɛ̀dhɛ̀ |
| tortoise (type) | *ɛ̀mã̀ |
| crab | *ɛ̀ʃágV |
| foam | *àfùrùgV |
| toad | *ɛ̀dʊ́Cʊ̀ |
| snake | *ʊ̀fʊ̀ |
| cobra | *ɛ̀bɔ́bV |
| green snake | *ɛ̀gɛ̀nɛ̃̀ |
| housefly | *ìʃṹ |
| bee | *ùrʊ̃̀nṽ |
| mosquito | *ɛ̀gʷĩ́gʷĩ́ |
| bird | *ɛ̀Cɛ́kàjànṽ |
| kite/hawk | *òdzèg |
| guinea foul | *ɛ̀ŋĩ́ʃV |
| bat | *ɛ̀ʃàbV |
| person | *ɔ̀nĩ́ |
| name | *ìnĩ́ |
| man, male | *òwérV |
| wife | *ʊ̀ɲĩ́ |
| female | *òɲĩ́wĩ́ |
| child | *òɲĩ́ |
| in-law | *ɔ̀sã́ |
| guest | *ɔ̀kàdʒV |
| friend | *òɲĩ́mV |
| thief | *ʊ̀tʃídʒí |
| medicine | *ɔ̀tɛ̃̀wʊ̀ |
| God | *ɔ̀dhìʃà |
| one | *ʃí |
| two | *wà |
| three | *tárV |
| four | *nã́hĩ́ |
| five | *tʃʊ̃̀nṽ |
| six | *ràdá |
| seven | *rə̀nẽ́ʃì |
| ten | *ə̀pú |
| black | *ùCĩ́Cĩ́ |
| new | *ɔ̀ɲã́gá |
| red | *ùwã́wã́r |
| long | *òdĩ́dĩ̀mṽ |
| right (side) | *ìjímʊ̃̀ |
| good | *ʊ̀fɔ́ |
| to swallow | *mĩ́ |
| to eat | *jé |
| to drink | *tɔ̀dhV |
| to bite | *jɔ́mV |
| to vomit | *ɲɛ̃́ |
| to lick | *jə̀fĩ̀ |
| to spit | *tʃúfə̀ |
| to pass urine | *ɲẽ́nĩ́ |
| to defecate | *nɛ̃́ |
| to give birth | *dzó |
| to die | *ɣʷó |
| to stand up | *ɲẽ́nʊ̀ |
| to prostrate | *dã́hĩ́ |
| to sleep | *kʊ́dhà |
| to dream | *ghá |
| to go | *hùnõ̀gV |
| to come | *wàgV |
| to return | |
| to arrive | *wátɛ̀ |
| to enter | *fídí |
| to climb | *rɛ́dɛ́ |
| to descend | *dìCé |
| to fall | *nɔ̃́ |
| to walk | *ʃénĩ́ |
| to run | *tʃíCó |
| to call | *kʷí |
| to see | *há |
| to abuse | *ʃémẽ́ |
| to fight | *kɔ́nṽ |
| to say | *kã |
| to press down | *timṍ |
| to laugh | *mã́hù |
| tooth | *jɔ̀r |
| to think | *rínã́ |
| to know | *bà |
References edit
- Abiodun, Michael Ajibola. 1999. A comparative phonology and morphology of Ukaan dialects of Old Akoko division. Doctoral dissertation. University of Ilorin.